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| sector:energy:fugitive:flaring:start [2023/03/21 13:09] – [1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring] kotzulla | sector:energy:fugitive:flaring:start [2026/03/17 10:22] (current) – [1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring] kotzulla | ||
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| ====== 1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring ====== | ====== 1.B.2.c - Venting and Flaring ====== | ||
| - | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
| - | | 1.B.2.c | + | | 1.B.2.c |
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| - | | 1.B.2.c | + | \\ |
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| - | {{page> | + | ^ NO< |
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| Pursuant to general requirements of the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TA Luft (2002), gases, steam, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide released from pressure valves and venting equipment must be collected in a gas-collection system. Wherever possible, gases so collected are burned in process combustion. Where such use is not possible, the gases are piped to a flare. Flares used for flaring of such gases must fulfill at least the requirements for flares for combustion of gases from operational disruptions and from safety valves. For refineries and other types of plants in categories 1.B.2, flares are indispensable safety components. In crude-oil refining, excessive pressures can build up in process systems, for various reasons. | Pursuant to general requirements of the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control TA Luft (2002), gases, steam, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide released from pressure valves and venting equipment must be collected in a gas-collection system. Wherever possible, gases so collected are burned in process combustion. Where such use is not possible, the gases are piped to a flare. Flares used for flaring of such gases must fulfill at least the requirements for flares for combustion of gases from operational disruptions and from safety valves. For refineries and other types of plants in categories 1.B.2, flares are indispensable safety components. In crude-oil refining, excessive pressures can build up in process systems, for various reasons. | ||
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| __Table 1: Activity data applied for 1.B.2.c__ | __Table 1: Activity data applied for 1.B.2.c__ | ||
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| - | | Flared natural gas | millions of m³ | 36 | 33 | 36 | 18.7 | 12.1 | 10.5 | 14.1 | 11.1 | | + | | Flared natural gas | millions of m³ | 36 | 33 | 36 | 18.7 | 12.1 | 10.5 | 14.1 | 10.8 | 9.7 | |
| - | | Refined crude-oil quantity | + | | Refined crude-oil quantity |
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| Flaring takes place in extraction and pumping systems and at refineries. In refineries, flaring operations are subdivided into regular operations and start-up / shut-down operations in connection with disruptions. | Flaring takes place in extraction and pumping systems and at refineries. In refineries, flaring operations are subdivided into regular operations and start-up / shut-down operations in connection with disruptions. | ||
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| ^ CO | ^ CO | ||
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| __Table 3: Emission factors applied for flaring emissions at petroleum production facilities__ | __Table 3: Emission factors applied for flaring emissions at petroleum production facilities__ | ||
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| ^ SO< | ^ SO< | ||
| ^ CO | ^ CO | ||
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| __Table 4: Emission factors applied for flaring emissions at at refineries: normal flaring operations__ | __Table 4: Emission factors applied for flaring emissions at at refineries: normal flaring operations__ | ||
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| ^ SO< | ^ SO< | ||
| ^ NO< | ^ NO< | ||
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| __Table 5: Emission factors applied for flaring emissions at at refineries: disruptions of flaring operations, in [kg/t]__ | __Table 5: Emission factors applied for flaring emissions at at refineries: disruptions of flaring operations, in [kg/t]__ | ||
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| ^ SO< | ^ SO< | ||
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| The emission factors have been derived from the 2004 and 2008 emissions declarations Theloke et al. 2013 [(THELOKE2013)]. In 2019, they were updated for CH< | The emission factors have been derived from the 2004 and 2008 emissions declarations Theloke et al. 2013 [(THELOKE2013)]. In 2019, they were updated for CH< | ||
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| ===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
| - | Currently | + | <WRAP center round info 50%> |
| + | At the moment, | ||
| + | </ | ||
| - | ===== References ===== | ||
| + | [(THELOKE2013> | ||
| - | [(THELOKE2013> | + | [(BENDER2019> |
| - | [(BENDER2019> | + | |