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sector:waste:cremation:start [2023/03/16 15:18] – [Recalculations] kotzullasector:waste:cremation:start [2026/04/01 13:27] (current) – [Activity data] kotzulla
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 ====== 5.C.1.b v - Cremation===== ====== 5.C.1.b v - Cremation=====
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                          ||||^  EF                                  ||||| +^  Category Code                          ^  Method  ^  AD  ^  EF     ^ 
-| 5.C.1.b.v      |  CS                                                                               |||||  AS                                          |||||  D, CS                               ||||| +|  5.C.1.b.v                              |  CS      |  AS  |  D, CS  | 
-^                ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC  ^  CO   ^  Pb   ^  Cd     ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                           |||| 
-| Key Category:  |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -               |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -   |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -/-  | +
- {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+
 \\ \\
 +^  NO<sub>x</sub>                         ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  |  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC  ^  CO   ^  Pb   ^  Cd   ^  Hg   ^  As  ^  Cr  ^  Cu  ^  Ni  ^  Se  ^  Zn  ^  PCDD/F  ^  B(a)P  ^  B(b)F  ^  B(k)F  ^  I(x)P  ^  PAH1-4  ^  HCB  ^  PCBs  ^
 +|  -/-                                    |  -/-    |  -/-             |  NA              |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  NE  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  -/-     |  -/-    |  -/-    |  NE     |  -/-    |  -/-     |  -/-  |  -/-   |
 +|  {{page>general:Misc:Legendkca:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 +
 +
 =====Method===== =====Method=====
  
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 Activity data for this category are based on data from the statistics of the "Bundesverband Deutscher Bestatter e.V."[(annual personal message from Stephan Neuser (contact URL: https://www.bestatter.de/verband/allgemeines-ueber-den-bdb/))]. For purposes of GHG reporting we specify cremations as masses, too. The cremation is a growing trend in funerals. Activity data for this category are based on data from the statistics of the "Bundesverband Deutscher Bestatter e.V."[(annual personal message from Stephan Neuser (contact URL: https://www.bestatter.de/verband/allgemeines-ueber-den-bdb/))]. For purposes of GHG reporting we specify cremations as masses, too. The cremation is a growing trend in funerals.
  
-__Table 1: Annual amount of cremated bodies, in [kt]__ +__Table 1: Annual amount of cremated human bodies, in [kt]__ 
-^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2020   ^ +^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2020   ^  2024   ^ 
-|  13.55  |  25.32  |  26.24  |  29.22  |  34.18  |  45.88  |  56.77  | +|  13.55  |  25.32  |  26.24  |  29.22  |  34.18  |  45.88  |  56.77  |  60.97  | 
-Source: own calculation, conversion is not described in more detail here for reasons of piety, but is done in a manner comparable to other publications.+| data source: own calculation, conversion is not described in detail here for reasons of piety, but is comparable to other publications ||||||||
 ====Emission factors==== ====Emission factors====
  
-Emission factors used are default values from the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 [(EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016, Copenhagen, 2016)] as well as new national data for POPs from the research project "POP- und Hg-Emissionen aus abfallwirtschaftlichen Anlagen" - Teilvorhaben zum Globalvorhaben „Überprüfung des Standes der Technik der Emissionen prioritärer Schadstoffe für einzelne Industriebranchen (Kleinfeuerungsanlagen und abfallwirtschaftliche Anlagen)“ [(Stöcklein; Gass; Suritsch: "POP- und Hg-Emissionen aus abfallwirtschaftlichen Anlagen", Teilvorhaben zum Globalvorhaben „Überprüfung des Standes der Technik der Emissionen prioritärer Schadstoffe für einzelne Industriebranchen (Kleinfeuerungsanlagen und abfallwirtschaftliche Anlagen)“; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/texte_38_2016_pop-und_hg-emissionen_aus_abfallwirtschaftlichen_anlagen.pdf; UBA-Texte 38/2016; im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, April 2016)] .+Emission factors used are default values from the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023 as well as national data for POPs from the research project "POP- und Hg-Emissionen aus abfallwirtschaftlichen Anlagen" - Teilvorhaben zum Globalvorhaben „Überprüfung des Standes der Technik der Emissionen prioritärer Schadstoffe für einzelne Industriebranchen (Kleinfeuerungsanlagen und abfallwirtschaftliche Anlagen)“ [(STOECKLEIN2016)] .
  
-In 2018 the TERT noted that the German Hg EF is 100 times smaller than the default value proposed in the 2016 EMEP/EEA Guidebook and the Cd and Pb EF are 1000 times smaller than the default values proposed in the 2016 EMEP/EEA Guidebook. However, the EF for Pb and Cd are based on national expert judgement: assumption that a) the emissions behave similarly to dust and b) the dust limit value of the air pollution control specification (27th BImSchV) is complied with (to be confirmed on the basis of the new measurement data from 5 crematoria with different exhaust gas cleaning systems). The Hg EF was calculated on the basis of the German report on “OSPAR Recommendation 2003/4 on controlling the dispersal of mercury from crematoria", but is under evaluation.+In 2018, the TERT noted that the German emission factor for Hg is 100 times smaller than the default value proposed in the 2016 EMEP/EEA Guidebook and the emission factors for Cd and Pb being 1,000 times smaller than the proposed default values. The EF set has now been updated.
  
-After the finalization of a research Project [(FKZ 3716 53 3021 „Umweltrelevanz und Stand der Technik bei Einäscherungsanlagen“ (Environmental relevance and state of the art for cremation plants); URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/umweltrelevanz-stand-technik-einaescherungsanlagen)] the Hg EF is revised. As part of the project, emission measurements were carried out at six cremation routes. According to OSPAR reporting 2010/2014, approx. 90% of the plants have effective Hg mitigation technology, whereas approx. 10% are not equipped with effective Hg mitigation technology. This ratio is roughly reflected in the 2020 project report, too. +In contrast, the country-specific emission factor for Hg was calculated on the basis of the German report on “OSPAR Recommendation 2003/4 on controlling the dispersal of mercury from crematoria" - and was revised after the finalization of the research project „Umweltrelevanz und Stand der Technik bei Einäscherungsanlagen“ (Environmental relevance and state of the art for cremation plants) [(SCHETTERBITTIG2020)]. As part of this research project, emission measurements were carried out at six cremation routes. According to OSPAR reporting 2010/2014, approx. 90% of the plants have effective Hg mitigation technology, whereas approx. 10% are not equipped. This ratio is roughly reflected in the 2020 project report, too. 
-This results in the following weighted mean value:  +Since the cremation duration is approximately one hour, the mean value per hour corresponds to the Hg load per cremation and is used accordingly for inventory calculation.  
-0.9*0.0225 g/h + 0.1*0.2468 g/h = 0.0449588207 g/h.   + 
-Since the cremation duration is approximately one hour, the mean value per hour corresponds to the Hg load per cremation and is used accordingly in the inventory calculation. Values are interpolated between the two endpoints 2010 and 2018.+As developement of state of the art, values are interpolated between 2010 and 2018 (from 0,0913 g/cremation to 0,0447 g/cremation). This time span represents a real retrofit of the crematoria. 
 + 
 +In 2025, we carried out a complete review of the emission factor (EF) references. This work resulted in a few minor changes to the time series, but most importantly, all time points are now referenced. 
 +The emission factors for Pb and Cd have been set to default values [(EMEPEEA2023)] due to a lack of country specific references. 
 + 
 +Emission factors for TSP, PM<sub>10</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> derive from the research study "Studie zur Korngrößenverteilung (PM<sub>10</sub> und PM<sub>2.5</sub>) von Staubemissionen"[(DREISEIDLER1999)].
  
-EF for TSP, PM₁₀, and PM₂.₅ derive from the research study "Studie zur Korngrößenverteilung (PM₁₀ und PM₂.₅) von Staubemissionen" [(Dreiseidler, A.; Baumbach, G.; Pregger, T.; Obermeier, A. (1999): Studie zur Korngrößenverteilung (< PM₁₀ und < PM₂.₅) von Staubemissionen. UBA-Forschungsbericht 297 44 853, Umweltbundesamt Berlin (Study on particle size distribution (< PM₁₀ and < PM₂.₅) of dust emissions))]. 
 ===== Trends in emissions ===== ===== Trends in emissions =====
  
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 [{{:sector:waste:em_5c_crem_since_1990.png|**Emission trends in NFR 5.C.1.b.v**}}] [{{:sector:waste:em_5c_crem_since_1990.png|**Emission trends in NFR 5.C.1.b.v**}}]
 +
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-With **activity data** and **emission factors** remaining unrevised, no recalculations have been carried out compared to last year's submission.+In addition to a number of marginal changes in the time series for several pollutants, there were significant changes in Pb and Cd. The increase over time is due to the replacement of decreasing EF with constant default values.
  
-<WRAP center round info 60%> +[{{:sector:waste:recalculation_5c1.png|**Recalculations for Cremation**}}] 
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].+ 
 +<WRAP center round info 65%> 
 +For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2023**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
 +
 +===== Planned improvements =====
 +
 +<WRAP center round info 45%>
 +At the moment, no category-specific improvements are planned.
 +</WRAP>
 +
 +[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA, 2023: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, Copenhagen, 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023)] 
 +
 +[(STOECKLEIN2016> Stöcklein, Gass u. Suritsch, 2016: "POP- und Hg-Emissionen aus abfallwirtschaftlichen Anlagen", Teilvorhaben zum Globalvorhaben „Überprüfung des Standes der Technik der Emissionen prioritärer Schadstoffe für einzelne Industriebranchen (Kleinfeuerungsanlagen und abfallwirtschaftliche Anlagen“; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/texte_38_2016_pop-und_hg-emissionen_aus_abfallwirtschaftlichen_anlagen.pdf; UBA-Texte 38/2016; im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, April 2016)]
 +
 +[(SCHETTERBITTIG2020> Schetter, Dr. G., Bittig, Dr. M. (2020): Schetter GmbH & Co. KG mit Köngen Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V., Duisburg, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 3716 53 3021 „Umweltrelevanz und Stand der Technik bei Einäscherungsanlagen“ (Environmental relevance and state of the art for cremation plants); URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/umweltrelevanz-stand-technik-einaescherungsanlagen; ISSN 1862-4804, Köngen/Duisburg/Dessau-Roßlau, August 2019)]
 +
 +[(DREISEIDLER1999> Dreiseidler, A., Baumbach, G., Pregger, T., Obermeier, A. (1999): Studie zur Korngrößenverteilung (< PM<sub>10</sub> und < PM<sub>2.5</sub>) von Staubemissionen. UBA-Forschungsbericht 297 44 853, Umweltbundesamt Berlin (Study on particle size distribution (< PM<sub>10</sub> and < PM<sub>2.5</sub>) of dust emissions))]