1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the main chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: Percentual annual fuel consumption during LTO-stage of international flights

source: Knörr et al. (2023c) ¹⁾ &: Gores (2023) ²⁾

Table 2: annual LTO fuel consumption for international flights, in terajoule

source: Knörr et al. (2023c) ³⁾ &: Gores (2023) ⁴⁾

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) ⁵⁾ and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV ⁶⁾.

For more information, please see superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

¹ estimated via a f-BCs (avgas: 0.15, jet kerosene: 0.48) as provided in ^7)
2 EF(PM_2.5) also applied for PM₁₀ and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM_2.5)
³ also including TSP from lead: EF(TSP) = 1.6 x EF(Pb) - see road transport

</WRAP> NFR sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) is no key source for emissions. </WRAP>

Basically, emission trends corespond directly with fuel consumption, resulting in a strong but temporary decline during an right after the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, fuel consumption and, hence, emissions show a steady upwards trend again in 2021 and 2022 for international flights, already reaching about 2/3 of its pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, fuel consumption and emissions of domestic flights show no such strong “regeneration” yet (see related sub-chapters).

As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to Eurocontrol AEM model and the underlying fleet composition.

Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated…

Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene and avgas consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %

… and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:

Table 4: Revised fuel-use in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules

In parallel, the majority of country-specific emission factors has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the Eurocontrol's AEM model, taking into account the development of fleet composition and engine technology but cannot be displayed here in a proper way.