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1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation

Short description

Under category 1.A.3.d ii - National Navigation emissions from national navigation (both inland and maritime) are reported.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.d ii T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
covering emissions in:
Domestic maritime navigation T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
Domestic inland navigation T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F B(a)P B(b)F B(k)F I(x)P PAH1-4 HCB PCBs
L/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/-

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

As described for the over-all sector 1.A.3.d and all other navigational activities in the superordinate chapter, specific fuel consumption data for NFR 1.A.3.d ii is included in the primary fuel deliveries data provided in NEB lines 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') and 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') 1).

Here, the annual fuel consumption for domestic maritime navigation are modelled within 2) based on AIS data and deduced from NEB lines 6 and 64 respectively, depending on whether or not a certain ship is registered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Here, fuels consumed by large, IMO-registered and sea-going ships and vessels are included in NEB line 6 whereas fuels consumed by smaller ships without IMO-registration are included in NEB line 64. After these deductions, the amounts of fuels remaining in NEB 64 are allocated to domestic inland navigation.

The small amounts of LNG used almost entirely in ferries are not yet included in the NEB but are estimated directly in the BSH model.

Table 1: Annual over-all fuel consumption for domestic navigation, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Diesel Oil 37,199 30,389 19,231 26,114 23,920 24,710 23,703 23,698 21,736 14,535 13,761 11,785 8,786 9,473 9,747
Light Fuel Oil 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879 7,922 8,407
Heavy fuel oil 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392 235 203 231
LNG 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513 382 504
Gasoline 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273 275 273 274
Biogasoline 1.86 10.1 11.1 11.2 11.0 11.4 11.1 11.9 12.6 12.7 13.0 12.8
LPG 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.14 7.20 7.36 7.49 7.23 7.53 7.34
Ʃ 1.A.3.d ii 40,582 32,854 21,892 28,450 26,009 25,123 24,088 24,121 24,837 24,862 23,031 21,237 17,708 18,274 19,184

Table 2: Specific fuel consumption data for domestic maritime and inland navigation, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
NATIONAL MARITIME NAVIGATION
Diesel Oil 9,484 6,828 7,367 6,399 5,690 8,980 9,335 8,960 7,084
Light Fuel Oil 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879 7,922 8,407
Heavy fuel oil 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392 235 203 231
LNG 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513 382 504
NATIONAL INLAND NAVIGATION
Diesel Oil 27,716 23,562 11,864 19,715 18,230 15,730 14,368 14,738 14,652 14,535 13,761 11,785 8,786 9,473 9,747
Gasoline 272 272 272 274 261 265 265 266 262 265 269 273 275 273 274
Biogasoline 1.86 10.1 11.1 11.2 11.0 11.4 11.1 11.9 12.6 12.7 13.0 12.8
LPG 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.14 7.20 7.36 7.49 7.23 7.53 7.34
Ʃ 1.A.3.d ii 40,582 32,854 21,892 28,450 26,009 25,123 24,088 24,121 24,837 24,862 23,031 21,237 17,708 18,274 19,184

Annual fuel consumption in national navigation

Annual LNG consumption in national maritime navigation

Emission factors

The emission factors applied for national maritime navigation are derived from different sources and therefore are of very different quality.

For the main pollutants, country-specific implied values are used, that are based on tier3 EF included in the BSH model 3) which mainly relate on values from the EMEP/EEA guidebook 2023 4). These modelled IEFs take into account the ship specific information derived from AIS data as well as the mix of fuel-qualities applied depending on the type of ship and the current state of activity.

Here, for sulphur dioxide and particulate matter, annual values are available representing the impact of fuel sulphur legislation. In addition, regarding 2, the increasing operation of so-called scrubbers in order to fullfil emission limits especially within SECA areas is reflected for heavy fuel oil.

Table 3: Country-specific emission factors applied for fuels used in domestic maritime navigation, in [kg/TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
DIESEL OIL & LIGHT FUEL OIL1
NH3 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
NMVOC 71.9 72.1 72.0 72.0 72.1 81.5 82.7 83.2 75.0 80.3 78.2 81.4 79.8 77.4
NOx 1,199 1,198 1,199 1,199 1,198 1,115 1,111 1,115 1,095 1,106 1,090 1,098 1,098 1,095
SO2 466 419 233 186 69.8 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2 37.2
BC2 110 99.1 55.0 44.0 16.5 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.3 17.5 16.8 16.9 17.1 16.9
PM2.5 354 320 177 142 53.3 56.2 57.1 57.1 55.9 56.5 54.2 54.6 55.2 54.6
PM10 378 342 190 152 57.1 60.1 61.1 61.1 59.8 60.4 58.0 58.5 59.0 58.4
TSP3 378 342 190 152 57.1 60.1 61.1 61.1 59.8 60.4 58.0 58.5 59.0 58.4
CO 128 128 128 128 128 140 142 141 139 140 138 140 140 142
HEAVY FUEL OIL
NH3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.34
NMVOC 96.6 96.5 96.5 96.5 96.5 104 117 131 156 172 168 156 165 166
NOx 1,604 1,602 1,603 1,603 1,602 1,216 1,572 1,300 1,332 1,242 1,368 1,385 1,439 1,408
SOx 1,319 1,332 1,323 1.336 496 48.6 49.2 48.1 45.9 46.5 48.1 47.0 47.6 47.2
BC2 70.8 71.2 70.8 71.6 26.5 14.2 18.0 20.1 19.1 18.9 21.4 21.3 23.2 23.4
PM2.5 590 594 590 596 221 118 150 168 159 158 179 178 194 195
PM10 649 653 649 656 243 130 165 184 175 173 197 195 213 214
TSP3 649 653 649 656 243 130 165 184 175 173 197 195 213 214
CO 179 179 179 179 179 144 162 157 156 150 151 147 144 142
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
NH3 NA NE
NMVOC NA 49.3 48.5 44.4 43.3 58.5 53.7 48.9 56.2 53.2
NOx NA 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112
SOx NA NE
BC2 NA
PM2.5,PM10,TSP NA 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.41 2.41 1.51 1.51 1.51 1.48
CO NA 157 157 157 157 157 156 154 154 145
1 identical EF applied for diesel oil and light fuel oil
2 estimated from a BC-fraction derived from 5), chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation, Table 3-1 (0.017 for heavy fuel oil) and 3-2 (0.045 for diesel oil) and 3-3 (for LNG)
3 ratios PM2.5 : PM10 : TSP derived from the tier1 default EF as provided in 6), chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation, Tables 3-1 & 3-2

For main pollutants and particulate matter from national inland navigation, modelled emission factors are available from TREMOD (Knörr et al. (2024a)) 7). Here, for SO2, and PM, annual values reflect the impact of fuel-sulphur legislation.

Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels used in domestic inland navigation, in [kg/TJ]

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
DIESEL OIL
NH3 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
NMVOC 96.4 87.9 77.7 72.3 66.6 61.2 60.3 59.4 58.5 58.0 57.1 56.4 55.4 54.5
NOx 1,327 1,331 1,336 1,289 1,231 1,175 1,164 1,152 1,141 1,135 1,124 1,115 1,093 1,070
SOx 85.2 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC1 17.5 16.0 14.1 11.8 9.17 8.14 7.99 7.83 7.67 7.58 7.44 7.31 7.12 6.95
PM2 56.5 51.7 45.6 38.1 29.6 26.3 25.8 25.2 24.7 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.0 22.4
CO 417 387 337 299 256 229 225 221 216 213 209 206 203 200
GASOLINE
NH3 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
NMVOC (exh.) 952 1036 1269 1373 1196 897 853 813 779 753 734 722 714 710
NMVOC (evap.) 28.8 55.3 131 164 196 186 185 185 184 184 184 185 187 188
NOx 383 375 353 345 338 341 325 299 276 256 238 223 210 199
SOx 10.1 8.27 3.22 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37
BC1 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
PM2 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49 7.49
CO 30,204 30,817 32,595 33,248 26,105 18,536 17,387 16,286 15,336 14,583 13,995 13,565 13,241 12,996
LPG
NH3 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
NMVOC 147 147 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 144 141 134 126 116
NOx 1,346 1,342 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,325 1,316 1,284 1,225 1,144 1,056
SOx 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41
BC1 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
PM2 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84
CO 114 114 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112 112
1 calculated from f-BC as provided in 8), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii, Table 3-2: f-BC (MDO/MGO) = 0.31
2 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM2.5

With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, condensables are most likely included at least partly. 1)

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Table 5: Outcome of Key Category Analysis

for: NOx PM10 PM2.5
by: L/- -/T L/T

The following tale includes emission limits according to Directive 2004/26/EC 9) for inland vessels.

Table 6: Overview of emission limits, in [g/kWh]

Category: swept volume/net power (SV/P) Carbon monoxide ∑ Hydrocarbons + Nitrogen oxides Particulates
(litres per cylinder/kW) (CO) (HC+NOx) (PT)
V1:1; SV < 0,9; P ≥ 37 kW 5.0 7.5 0.40
V1:2; 0.9 ≤ SV < 1.2 5.0 7.2 0.30
V1:3 1.2 ≤ SV < 2.5 5.0 7.2 0.20
V1:4; 2.5 ≤ SV < 5 5.0 7.2 0.20
V2:1; 5 ≤ SV < 15 5.0 7.8 0.27
V2:2; 15 ≤ SV < 20; P < 3300 kW 5.0 8.7 0.50
V2:3; 15 ≤ SV < 20; P ≥ 3300 kW 5.0 9.8 0.50
V2:4; 20 ≤ SV < 25 5.0 9.8 0.50
V2:5; 25 ≤ SV < 30 5.0 11.0 0.50

However, Directive 2004/26/EC has been replaced by Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 in 2016 10).

For ammonia, NMVOC, and nitrogen oxides as well as carbon monoxide, emission trends more or less represent the trend in over-all fuel consumption.
Annual ammonia emissions

Annual NMVOC emissions

Annual nitrogen oxides emissions

Nonetheless, for these pollutants, annual emission factors from BSH 11) and TREMOD 12) have been applied for national maritime and inland navigation, respectively, reflecting the technical development of the German inland navigation fleet.

Here, the trends in sulphur dioxide and particulate matter emissions reflect the impact of ongoing fuel-sulphur legislation especially in maritime navigation.

Annual sulphur oxides emissions Annual particulate matter emissions

Recalculations

Compared to the previous submission, activity data remain unaltered for national maritime navigation, whereas fuel consumption data allocated to inland navigation has been revised within TREMOD taking into account the finalisation of the National Energy Balance for 2024 as well as the routine revision of the National Energy Balances as of 2003 13).

Table 7: Revised fuel consumption data for national navigation, as of 20023, in [TJ]

2003 2004 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Diesel oil (national inland and maritime navigation)
current submission 22,362 24,170 26,114 23,920 24,710 23,703 23,698 21,736 14,535 13,761 11,785 8,786 9,473
previous submission 22,451 24,282 26,241 24,060 24,874 23,863 23,866 21,897 14,660 14,029 12,003 9,275 9,887
absolute change -89.4 -112 -127 -140 -163 -161 -169 -161 -126 -268 -218 -489 -414
relative change -0.40% -0.46% -0.48% -0.58% -0.66% -0.67% -0.71% -0.74% -0.86% -1.91% -1.82% -5.27% -4.18%
Light fuel oil (natiponal maritime navigation only)
current submission 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879 7,922
previous submission 2,361 9,497 8,329 8,475 7,879 7,922
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Heavy fuel oil (national maritime navigation only)
current submission 2,607 2,298 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392 235 203
previous submission 2,607 2,298 2,054 1,810 108 37.0 81.1 262 394 378 392 237 237
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.72 -33.8
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.73% -14.3%
LPG (national inland navigation only)
current submission 7.03 7.02 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.14 7.20 7.36 7.49 7.23 7.53
previous submission 7.03 7.02 7.02 7.08 7.10 7.25 7.06 7.13 7.16 7.40 7.51 7.55 7.61
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 -0.04 -0.02 -0.33 -0.08
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.17% 0.54% -0.54% -0.24% -4.30% -1.00%
LNG (national maritime navigation only)
current submission 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513 382
previous submission 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293 513 382
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Over-all fuel consumption
current submission 25,248 26,747 28,450 26,009 25,123 24,088 24,121 24,837 24,862 23,031 21,237 17,708 18,274
previous submission 25,337 26,859 28,577 26,149 25,286 24,248 24,290 24,997 24,988 23,299 21,456 18,199 18,724
absolute change -89.4 -112 -127 -140 -163 -161 -169 -161 -125 -268 -218 -492 -450
relative change -0.35% -0.42% -0.44% -0.54% -0.64% -0.66% -0.69% -0.64% -0.50% -1.15% -1.02% -2.70% -2.40%


In addition, several emission factors have been reviesed within E.M.M.A. and for diesel oil/light fuel oil used in national maritime navigation:

Table 8: Revised emission factors, in kg/TJ

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
BC
current submission 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.2 16.4 15.7 15.8 16.0 15.8
previous submission 110 99.1 55.0 44.0 16.5 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.3 17.5 16.8 16.9 17.1 16.9
absolute change -95.3 -84.7 -40.6 -29.6 -2.11 -1.14 -1.16 -1.16 -1.13 -1.15 -1.10 -1.11 -1.12 -1.11
relative change -86.9% -85.5% -73.8% -67.3% -12.8% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54%
PM
current submission 49.5 49.7 49.7 49.6 49.8 56.2 57.1 57.1 55.9 56.5 54.2 54.6 55.2 54.6
previous submission 378 342 190 152 57.1 60.1 61.1 61.1 59.8 60.4 58.0 58.5 59.0 58.4
absolute change -329 -292 -140 -102 -7.29 -3.93 -3.99 -4.00 -3.91 -3.95 -3.79 -3.83 -3.86 -3.82
relative change -86.9% -85.5% -73.8% -67.3% -12.8% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54% -6.54%
CO
current submission 44.9 44.9 44.9 44.9 44.9 41.6 41.1 40.1 42.1 43.3 44.2 42.8 44.9 45.3
previous submission 128 128 128 128 128 140 142 141 139 140 138 140 140 142
absolute change -82.9 -83.4 -83.3 -83.2 -83.5 -98.4 -101 -101 -97.2 -97.1 -93.6 -96.7 -95.5 -97.1
relative change -64.9% -65.0% -65.0% -65.0% -65.1% -70.3% -71.1% -71.6% -69.8% -69.2% -67.9% -69.3% -68.0% -68.2%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2023, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 9.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

Uncertainty estimates for activity data of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: “Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland” by Knörr et al. (2009) 14).

Planned improvements

Besides the routine revisions of the models used for maritime and inland navigation, the percental BC-fractions (f-BC) applied for maritime navigation will be updated in accordance with the information provided in Chapter 1.A.3.d Navigation (shipping) 2023 of the EMEP/EEA GB 2023.

15), Köln & Berlin, September 2025)]

1) AGEB (2025): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/EBD23e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2025), Köln & Berlin, September 2025
2) Deichnik (2025): Aktualisierung und Revision des Modells zur Berechnung der spezifischen Verbräuche und Emissionen des von Deutschland ausgehenden Seeverkehrs; Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH - Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie Hamburg); on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Hamburg / Dessau-Roßlau, 2025.
4), 5), 8) EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2023; Chapter 1.A.3.d Navigation (shipping) 2023; https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-d-navigation/@@download/file; Copenhagen, 2023.
9) EU (2004): Directive 2004/ 26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 amending Directive 97/68/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery; http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/26/oj; Strasbourg, 2004
10) EU (2016): Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on requirements relating to gaseous and particulate pollutant emission limits and type-approval for internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery, amending Regulations (EU) No 1024/2012 and (EU) No 167/2013, and amending and repealing Directive 97/68/EC; http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/1628/oj; Strasbourg, 14 September 2016
13), 15) AGEB (2025a): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-ab-1990/?_jahresbereich-bilanz=2021-2030, (Aufruf: 04.12.2025), Köln & Berlin, September 2025
14) Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.
1)
During test-bench measurements, temperatures are likely to be significantly higher than under real-world conditions, thus reducing condensation. On the contrary, smaller dillution (higher number of primary particles acting as condensation germs) together with higher pressures increase the likeliness of condensation. So over-all condensables are very likely to occur but different to real-world conditions.