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1.A.4.a i - Commercial and Institutional: Stationary Combustion

Short description

The source category 1.A.4.a.i - Commercial and Institutional: Stationary Combustion emissions from commercial and institutional combustion installations are reported.

NFR Code Method AD EF
1.A.4.a.i T2, T3 NS CS, D

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Method(s) applied
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in category chapters.
(source for) Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
(source for) Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn PCDD/F PAHs HCB PCBs
-/- L/T -/- -/- L/T L/T L/T L/- L/T L/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- NE -/- L/- L/- -/- -/-

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L/- key source by Level only
-/T key source by Trend only
L/T key source by both Level and Trend
-/- no key source for this pollutant
IE emission of specific pollutant Included Elsewhere (i.e. in another category)
NE emission of specific pollutant Not Estimated (yet)
NA specific pollutant not emitted from this source or activity = Not Applicable
* no analysis done

Methodology

Activity data

For further information on activity data please refer to the superordinate chapter on small stationary combustion.

Emission factors

For further information on the emission factors applied please refer to the superordinate chapter on small stationary combustion.

Table 1: Emission factors for commercial and institutional combustion installations

NOx SOx CO NMVOC TSP PM10 PM2.5 PAH PCDD/F
[kg/TJ] [mg/TJ] [kg/TJ]
Hard Coal 89.8 331.7 2,162 30.3 18.5 17.6 15.7 19,215 16.3
Residual Wood 92.7 8.2 931.5 66.8 46.5 44.6 40.0 144,957 355.3
Light Heating Oil 43.7 3.3 11.9 2.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 20.15 2.7
Natural Gas 22.0 0.1 12.0 0.4 0.03 0.03 0.03 3.08 1.6

TSP and PM emission factors are to a large extend based on measurements without condensed compounds, according to CEN-TS 15883, annex I. PAH measurement data contain the following individual substances: Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(j)fluoranthene, Benzo(ghi)perylene, Anthracene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Chrysene(+Trihenylene) and Dibenz(a,h)anthracene, as a specific part of US EPA.

Trend Discussion for Key Sources

The following charts give an overview and assistance for explaining dominant emission trends of selected pollutants.

Fuel Consumption

Annual consumption of lignite products in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual consumption of hard coal products in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual consumption of natural gas and light heating oil in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual consumption of liquid biomass and wood in NFR 1.A.4.a.i

Annual fluctuations of all fuel types in source category 1.A.4 depend on heat demand subject to winter temperatures. From 1990 to the present time, fuel use changed considerably from coal & lignite to natural gas. The consumption of light heating oil decreased as well. As the activity data for light heating oil is based on the sold amount, it fluctuates due to fuel prices and changing storage amounts. The remarkable decrease of hard coal consumption in 2003 is caused by a change in statistics (data source).

Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds - NMVOC and Carbon monoxide - CO

Annual NMVOC emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual NMVOC emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i

Main driver of the NMVOC and CO emission trends is the decreasing lignite consumption: Since 1990 the fuel use changed from solid fuels causing high NMVOC and CO emissions to gaseous fuels producing much lower emissions.

Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP

Annual PM2.5 emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual PM10 emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual TSP emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i

The emission trends for PM2.5, PM10, and TSP are also influenced severely by decreasing coal consumption in small combustion plants, particularly in the period from 1990 to 1994. Since 1995 the emission trend hardly changed. Increasing emissions in the last years are caused by the rising wood combustion.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

Annual PCDD/F emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i Annual PAH emissions in NFR 1.A.4.a.i

The main driver of the POPs emission trend are coal and fuel-wood. PCDD/F emissions decrease from 1990 to 2003 due to decreasing lignite consumption. The use of firewood and therefore PCDD/F emissions from wood combustion show a constant development.

Recalculations

For the purpose of improving the data quality of the Emission Inventory, National Energy Balances for the years 2003 to 2021 have gone under revisions through fine-tuning of the computational models, consideration of new statistics or re-allocation of activity data, along with other revision mechanisms. These updates led to re-calculations in fuel uses in different sub-categories and in their corresponding emissions.

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2021, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Planned improvements

There is a running Project on new emission factors for small combustion plants using updated data from chimney sweepers and new measurement data.