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sector:energy:fugitive:oil:start [2026/03/13 10:48] – [Table] mielkesector:energy:fugitive:oil:start [2026/03/19 07:57] (current) – [1.B.2.a.v- Distribution of oil products] mielke
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-^  Key Category                           |  NO<sub>x</sub>  |  NMVOC  |  SO<sub>2</sub>  |  NH<sub>3</sub>  |  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  PM<sub>10</sub>  |  TSP  |  BC  |  CO  |  Pb  |  Cd  |  Hg   |  As  | Cr  | Cu  | Ni  | Se  | Zn  | PCCD/F  | B(a)P  | B(b)F  | B(k)F  | I(x)P  | PAH1-4  | HCB  |  PCB  | +^  Key Category                           ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  |  NH<sub>3</sub>  |  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  PM<sub>10</sub>  |  TSP  |  BC  |  CO  |  Pb  |  Cd  ^  Hg   |  Other HM  |  POPs  | 
-| 1.B.2.a.i                               |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  -/-  |  NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA      | NA     | NA     | NA     | NA     | NA      | NA   |  NA   | +|  1.B.2.a.i                              |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  -/-  |  NA        |  NA    | 
-| 1.B.2.a.iv                              |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA   |  NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA      | NA     | NA     | NA     | NA     | NA      | NA   |  NA   | +|  1.B.2.a.iv                             |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA   |  NA        |  NA    | 
-| 1.B.2.a.v                               |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA   |  NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA  | NA      | NA     | NA     | NA     | NA     | NA      | NA   |  NA   | +|  1.B.2.a.v                              |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  NA                |  NA               |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA   |  NA        |  NA    | 
-|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |||||||||||||||||||||||||||+|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                  |||||||||||||||
  
  
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 | total of drilling meter  |  m     |  50,140  |  109,187  |  41,378  |  63,994  |  51,411  |  32,773  |  6,220  |  29.380  | 27.917  | | total of drilling meter  |  m     |  50,140  |  109,187  |  41,378  |  63,994  |  51,411  |  32,773  |  6,220  |  29.380  | 27.917  |
  
 +\\
  
 Since pertinent measurements are not available for the individual wells involved, a conservative approach is used whereby VOC emissions for wells are calculated on the basis of the share ratio of VOC = 9 NMVOC : 1 CH4, using the default methane factor of the IPCC Guidelines 2006 [(IPCC2006)]. Since pertinent measurements are not available for the individual wells involved, a conservative approach is used whereby VOC emissions for wells are calculated on the basis of the share ratio of VOC = 9 NMVOC : 1 CH4, using the default methane factor of the IPCC Guidelines 2006 [(IPCC2006)].
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 ^  Value  ^ ^  Value  ^
 |  576    | |  576    |
 +
 +\\
  
 Emissions from extraction (crude oil) and first treatment of raw materials (petroleum) in the petroleum industry are included in 1.B.2.a.i as well. Because Germany's oil fields are old, oil production in Germany is highly energy-intensive (thermal extraction, operation of pumps to inject water into oil-bearing layers). The first treatment that extracted petroleum (crude oil) undergoes in processing facilities serves the purpose of removing gases, water and salt from the oil. Crude oil in the form present at wellheads contains impurities, gases and water and thus, does not conform to requirements for safe, easy transport in pipelines. No substance transformations take place. Impurities – especially gases (petroleum gas), salts and water – are removed in order to yield crude oil of suitable quality for transport in pipelines. Emissions from extraction (crude oil) and first treatment of raw materials (petroleum) in the petroleum industry are included in 1.B.2.a.i as well. Because Germany's oil fields are old, oil production in Germany is highly energy-intensive (thermal extraction, operation of pumps to inject water into oil-bearing layers). The first treatment that extracted petroleum (crude oil) undergoes in processing facilities serves the purpose of removing gases, water and salt from the oil. Crude oil in the form present at wellheads contains impurities, gases and water and thus, does not conform to requirements for safe, easy transport in pipelines. No substance transformations take place. Impurities – especially gases (petroleum gas), salts and water – are removed in order to yield crude oil of suitable quality for transport in pipelines.
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 |  3,606  |  2,959  |  3,123  |  3,573  |  2,516  |  2,414  |  1,907  |  1,636  |  1,627  | |  3,606  |  2,959  |  3,123  |  3,573  |  2,516  |  2,414  |  1,907  |  1,636  |  1,627  |
  
 +\\
  
 The emissions from production and processing are measured or calculated by the operators, and the pertinent data is published in the annual reports of the Federal association of the natural gas, oil and geothermal energy industries (BVEG) [(BVEG)]. The emission factors are determined from the reported emissions and the activity data. The emissions from production and processing are measured or calculated by the operators, and the pertinent data is published in the annual reports of the Federal association of the natural gas, oil and geothermal energy industries (BVEG) [(BVEG)]. The emission factors are determined from the reported emissions and the activity data.
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 |  Mercury     |  0,001          | |  Mercury     |  0,001          |
    
 +\\
 +
 Transport emissions are tied to activities of logistics companies and of pipeline operators and pipeline networks. After the first treatment, crude oil is transported to refineries. Almost all transport of crude oil takes place via pipelines. Pipelines are stationary and, normally, run underground. In contrast to other types of transport, petroleum transport is not interrupted by handling processes. Transport emissions are tied to activities of logistics companies and of pipeline operators and pipeline networks. After the first treatment, crude oil is transported to refineries. Almost all transport of crude oil takes place via pipelines. Pipelines are stationary and, normally, run underground. In contrast to other types of transport, petroleum transport is not interrupted by handling processes.
 +
  
 __Table 5: Activity data applied for emissions from oil transportation, in [kt]__  __Table 5: Activity data applied for emissions from oil transportation, in [kt]__ 
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 | Transport via inland-waterway tankers         |      89 |      67 |     112 |     176 |       6 |      43 |      46 |      44 |  5       | | Transport via inland-waterway tankers         |      89 |      67 |     112 |     176 |       6 |      43 |      46 |      44 |  5       |
  
 +\\
  
 For pipelines, the emission factor for inland-waterway tankers has been estimated by experts. The pertinent emission factors have been confirmed by the research project “Determination of emission factors and activity data in areas 1.B.2.a.i through vi” [(THELOKE2013)]. Since long-distance pipelines are continually monitored and disruptive incidents in such pipelines are very rare [(CECH2017)], emissions occur – in small quantities – only at their transfer points. The emission factor is thus highly conservative. For pipelines, the emission factor for inland-waterway tankers has been estimated by experts. The pertinent emission factors have been confirmed by the research project “Determination of emission factors and activity data in areas 1.B.2.a.i through vi” [(THELOKE2013)]. Since long-distance pipelines are continually monitored and disruptive incidents in such pipelines are very rare [(CECH2017)], emissions occur – in small quantities – only at their transfer points. The emission factor is thus highly conservative.
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 __Table 6: NMVOC emission factor applied for emissions from oil transportation, in [kg/t]__  __Table 6: NMVOC emission factor applied for emissions from oil transportation, in [kg/t]__ 
-^ Activity                    ^ Value  ^+^ Activity                                       ^ Value  ^
 | Transports of domestically produced crude oil  | 0.13   | | Transports of domestically produced crude oil  | 0.13   |
-| Transports of imported crude oil              | 0.064  | +| Transports of imported crude oil               | 0.064  | 
-| Transports via inland-waterway tankers        | 0.34   |+| Transports via inland-waterway tankers         | 0.34   |
  
  
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 | Quantity of crude oil refined                                      |  kt       |  107,058  |  96,475   |  107,632  |  114,589  |  95,378   |  93,391   |  83,990   |  78,946   |  85,402  | | Quantity of crude oil refined                                      |  kt       |  107,058  |  96,475   |  107,632  |  114,589  |  95,378   |  93,391   |  83,990   |  78,946   |  85,402  |
 | Capacity utilisation in refineries                                 |  %        |  106      |  92       |  95       |  99       |  81       |  91       |  82       |  75       |  83      | | Capacity utilisation in refineries                                 |  %        |  106      |  92       |  95       |  99       |  81       |  91       |  82       |  75       |  83      |
-| Crude-oil-refining capacity in refineries                          |  kt       |  100,765  |  104,750  |  112,940  |  115,630  |  117,630  |  103,080  |  105,655  |  104,086  |          |+| Crude-oil-refining capacity in refineries                          |  kt       |  100,765  |  104,750  |  112,940  |  115,630  |  117,630  |  103,080  |  105,655  |  104,086  | 102,943  |
 | Tank-storage capacity in refineries and pipeline terminals         |  Mill m³  |  27,1     |  28,4     |  24,9     |  24       |  22,5     |  22       |  20,7     |  21,1     |  21,1    | | Tank-storage capacity in refineries and pipeline terminals         |  Mill m³  |  27,1     |  28,4     |  24,9     |  24       |  22,5     |  22       |  20,7     |  21,1     |  21,1    |
 | Storage capacity of tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  Mill m³  |  15,4     |  15,9     |  18,1     |  17       |  15,9     |  15,3     |  15,3     |  15       |  15      | | Storage capacity of tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  Mill m³  |  15,4     |  15,9     |  18,1     |  17       |  15,9     |  15,3     |  15,3     |  15       |  15      |
 | Storage capacity of caverns                                        |  Mill m³  |  26,6     |  25,3     |  27,9     |  27,2     |  27,2     |  25,5     |  25,5     |  28,3     |  28,3    | | Storage capacity of caverns                                        |  Mill m³  |  26,6     |  25,3     |  27,9     |  27,2     |  27,2     |  25,5     |  25,5     |  28,3     |  28,3    |
 +
 +\\
  
 **Processing** **Processing**
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 __Table 9: Emission factors applied for emissions from oil refinement and storage__  __Table 9: Emission factors applied for emissions from oil refinement and storage__ 
-^ Activity                                                               ^ Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value      ^+^ Activity                                                                                ^ Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value      ^
 | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NMVOC     |  kg/t  |  0.0072    | | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NMVOC     |  kg/t  |  0.0072    |
 | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NOₓ       |  kg/t  |  0.00602   | | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  NOₓ       |  kg/t  |  0.00602   |
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 | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  CO        |  kg/t  |  0.000494  | | Fugitive emissions at refineries                                                        |  CO        |  kg/t  |  0.000494  |
 | Storage and cleaning of crude oil in tank-storage facilities of refineries              |  NMVOC     |  kg/t  |  0.0227    | | Storage and cleaning of crude oil in tank-storage facilities of refineries              |  NMVOC     |  kg/t  |  0.0227    |
-| Storage of liquid petroleum products in tank-storage facilities outside of refineries   |  NMVOC     |  g/m³  |  100       | +| Storage of liquid petroleum products in tank-storage facilities outside of refineries   |  NMVOC     |  g/m³  |  0.59      | 
-| Storage of gaseous petroleum products in tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  NMVOC     |  g/m³  |  500       |+| Storage of gaseous petroleum products in tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  NMVOC     |  g/m³  |  14.7      |
 | Claus Plants                                                                            |  NMVOC     |  kg/t  |  0.000025  | | Claus Plants                                                                            |  NMVOC     |  kg/t  |  0.000025  |
 | Claus Plants                                                                            |  NOₓ       |  kg/t  |  0.0022    | | Claus Plants                                                                            |  NOₓ       |  kg/t  |  0.0022    |
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 Emissions from storage consider all refinery products. According to the EMEP guidebook, fuel-related emissions are reported under 1.B.2. Emissions other than fuels (like naphtha, methanol etc.) are reported under [[sector:ippu:chemical_industry:storage_handling_transport_chemicals:start|2.B.10.b - Storage, Handling and Transport of Chemical Products]]. Emissions from storage consider all refinery products. According to the EMEP guidebook, fuel-related emissions are reported under 1.B.2. Emissions other than fuels (like naphtha, methanol etc.) are reported under [[sector:ippu:chemical_industry:storage_handling_transport_chemicals:start|2.B.10.b - Storage, Handling and Transport of Chemical Products]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +A new study by (Zimmermann, 2025), [(Zimmermann2025)] and based on this calculations by (Boettcher, 2025), [(Boettcher2025)] provided new data on NMVOC emissions for the storage of liquid and gaseous petroleum products, which resulted in an appreciable drop in the emission factors of NMVOC of tank storage facilities.
 +
  
  
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 | distribution of domestic petrol    |  kt    |  31,257 |  30,333 |  28,833 |  23,431 |  19,634 |  18,226 |  16,218 |  17,394 |  17,650  | | distribution of domestic petrol    |  kt    |  31,257 |  30,333 |  28,833 |  23,431 |  19,634 |  18,226 |  16,218 |  17,394 |  17,650  |
  
 +\\
  
 **Transport** **Transport**
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 Generally, the emission factors listed below have been verified by the study [(THELOKE2013)].  Generally, the emission factors listed below have been verified by the study [(THELOKE2013)]. 
  
-^ **Process responsible for NMVOC emissions**                                                                                              ^                     ^ Emission factor [kg/t]  ^+^ **Process responsible for NMVOC emissions**                                                                                              ^                     ^ EF in [kg/t]  ^
 | Drip losses in refuelling at filling stations                                                                                            |  gasoline           |  0.117                  | | Drip losses in refuelling at filling stations                                                                                            |  gasoline           |  0.117                  |
 | Transfers from road tankers to filling stations (20th Ordinance Implementing the Federal Immission Control Act – vapour displacement)    |  gasoline           |  1.4                    | | Transfers from road tankers to filling stations (20th Ordinance Implementing the Federal Immission Control Act – vapour displacement)    |  gasoline           |  1.4                    |
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 | Transports from refineries to transport vehicles                                                                                         |  light heating oil  |  0.0053                 | | Transports from refineries to transport vehicles                                                                                         |  light heating oil  |  0.0053                 |
 | Transfers from filling-station tanks to vehicle tanks                                                                                    |  light heating oil  |  0.0063                 | | Transfers from filling-station tanks to vehicle tanks                                                                                    |  light heating oil  |  0.0063                 |
 +
 +\\
 +
 +The following emission factors for cleaning operations on product storage tanks were derived from (Zimmermann, 2025), [(Zimmermann2025)] (see table below). Their impact on the inventory have been published by (Boettcher, 2025). [(Boettcher2025)] 
 +
 +^  Activity                             ^  EF NMVOC                   ^
 +|  cleaning of pipelines                |  0 kg/t                     |
 +|  cleaning of ship tankers             |  0.0235 kg/t                |
 +|  cleaning of road tankers             |  0.029 kg/t                 |
 +|  cleaning of railway tankers          |  0.0045 kg/t                |
 +|  cleaning of tank storage facilities  |  0.0012 kg VOC/m³ capacity  |
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
 +
 +Due to the implementation of the data from (Zimmermann, 2025), [(Zimmermann2025)] the following recalculations were made for NMVOC (see Table)
 +
 +^  Submission  ^  1990    ^  2000   ^  2010   ^  2020   ^  2023   ^
 +^  2026        |  158,42  |  64,61  |  31,18  |  25,84  |  25,53  |
 +^  2025        |  166,94  |  67,93  |  30,41  |  25,27  |  25,00  |
  
 <WRAP center round info 60%> <WRAP center round info 60%>
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
- * an ongoing research project estimate emissions from storage and cleaning of tanks for oil and oil products - results are planned to be implemented into the inventory in 2025/26+
  
 [(MWV>MWV (2020). Annual report of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry „Jahresbericht 2020“ [[https://www.mwv.de/publikationen/jahresberichte/|External Link]] )] [(MWV>MWV (2020). Annual report of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry „Jahresbericht 2020“ [[https://www.mwv.de/publikationen/jahresberichte/|External Link]] )]
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 [(BimSchV21>21. BImSchV - Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Kohlenwasserstoffemissionen bei der Betankung von Kraftfahrzeugen in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 18. August 2014 (BGBl. I S. 1453), die zuletzt durch Artikel 3 der Verordnung vom 24. März 2017 (BGBl. I S. 656) geändert worden ist, published by BGBl. (2017). )] [(BimSchV21>21. BImSchV - Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Kohlenwasserstoffemissionen bei der Betankung von Kraftfahrzeugen in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 18. August 2014 (BGBl. I S. 1453), die zuletzt durch Artikel 3 der Verordnung vom 24. März 2017 (BGBl. I S. 656) geändert worden ist, published by BGBl. (2017). )]
 +
 +[(Boettcher2025>Boettcher, C. (2025). "Aktualisierung der VOC‐Emissionen für die Bereitstellung von Mineralölprodukten", UBA-Texte 119/2025, Dessau. [[https://doi.org/10.60810/openumwelt-8092 Link]] )]
 +
 +[(Zimmermann2025>Zimmermann T. (2025). "Ist-Analyse der VOC-Emissionen von Mineralölprodukten bei der Reinigung von 
 +Eisenbahnkesselwagen, Binnentankschiffen, Straßentankfahrzeugen, Pipelines, Lagertanks und Tankcontainern ", UBA-Texte 103/2025, Dessau. [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/ist-analyse-der-voc-emissionen-bei-der-reinigung Link]] )]