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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2021/12/23 09:38] – [Background] doering | sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2022/09/09 06:15] – [Table] doering | ||
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- | Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ | + | Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ |
- | In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported | + | In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported |
Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, | Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, | ||
Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
Propazine (2, | Propazine (2, | ||
- | Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), | + | Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), |
- | // | + | // |
- | ^ Chemical agent ^ Plant protection product | + | ^ Chemical agent ^ Plant protection product |
- | | Chlorothalonil | + | | Chlorothalonil |
- | | ::: | Sambarin | + | | ::: | Sambarin |
- | | ::: | Pugil 75 WG | + | | ::: | Pugil 75 WG |
- | | ::: | AMISTAR Opti | 005748-00 | + | | ::: | AMISTAR Opti | 005748-00 |
- | | ::: | Tattoo C | 005805-00 | + | | ::: | Tattoo C | 005805-00 |
- | | ::: | CREDO | + | | ::: | CREDO |
- | | ::: | Simbo Extra | + | | ::: | Simbo Extra |
- | | ::: | ZAKEO Opti | 005748-61 | + | | ::: | ZAKEO Opti | 005748-61 |
- | | ::: | Daconil 2787 Extra | 023138-00 | + | | ::: | Daconil 2787 Extra | 023138-00 |
Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | ||
- | In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. | + | In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. However, publications in recent years have included data from 1977 onward (BVL 2022) ((BVL 2022, “ Absatz an Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Ergebnisse der Meldungen gemäß § 64 Pflanzenschutzgesetz für das Jahr 2017, korrig. Version von Nov 2018, Tab 3.2, https:// |
==== Methodology ==== | ==== Methodology ==== | ||
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- | As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, | + | As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, |
- | + | ||
- | //Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorthalonil, | + | |
- | ^ ^ Chlorthalonil | + | |
- | ^ Year ^ in t/a | + | |
- | | 1990 | + | |
- | | 1991 | + | |
- | | 1992 | + | |
- | | 1993 | + | |
- | | 1994 | + | |
- | | 1995 | + | |
- | | 1996 | + | |
- | | 1997 | + | |
- | | 1998 | + | |
- | | 1999 | + | |
- | | 2000 | + | |
- | | 2001 | + | |
- | | 2002 | + | |
- | | 2003 | + | |
- | | 2004 | + | |
- | | 2005 | + | |
- | | 2006 | + | |
- | | 2007 | + | |
- | | 2008 | + | |
- | | 2009 | + | |
- | | 2010 | + | |
- | | 2011 | + | |
- | | 2012 | + | |
- | | 2013 | + | |
- | | 2014 | + | |
- | | 2015 | + | |
- | | 2016 | + | |
- | | 2017 | + | |
- | | 2018 | + | |
- | | 2019 | + | |
- | | 2020 | + | |
+ | //Table II, Published data on domestic sales of active substances from 1987 until 2021 in t/a // | ||
+ | ^ Year ^ Chlorthalonil | ||
+ | | 1987 | 260.2 | 0.4 | 129.1 | 2106.2 | 176.8 | - | 0.3 | | ||
+ | | 1988 | 313.9 | 0.5 | 151.8 | 2074.6 | 210.5 | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1989 | 234.9 | 0.6 | 90.6 | 1093.0 | 195.3 | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1990 | 317.3 | - | 120.4 | 751.9 | 185.7 | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1991 | 417.9 | - | 127.4 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 0.16 | - | | ||
+ | | 1992 | 161.2 | - | 73.7 | - | 143.9 | 0.04 | - | | ||
+ | | 1993 | 83.4 | - | 47.0 | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1994 | 76.8 | - | 37.0 | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1995 | 55.6 | - | 26.2 | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1996 | 82.5 | - | 36.9 | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1997 | 76.0 | - | 29.0 | - | 0.8 | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1998 | 16.7 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | | ||
+ | | 1999 | 149.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2000 | 109.3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2001 | 19.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2002 | 25.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2003 | 240.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2004 | 39.8 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2005 | 857.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2006 | 905.0 | 2.3 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2007 | 741.2 | 6.8 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2008 | 719.5 | 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2009 | 525.1 | 1.6 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2010 | 620.7 | 1.9 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2011 | 649.2 | 3.7 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2012 | 518.1 | 6.1 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2013 | 565.4 | 3.7 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2014 | | ||
+ | | 2015 | 886.0 | 3.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2016 | | ||
+ | | 2017 | | ||
+ | | 2018 | 860.8 | 3.9 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2019 | 911.8 | 7.5 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2020 | 105.2 | 9.4 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
+ | | 2021 | - | 11.3 | - | - | - | - | - | | ||
=== HCB Impurities === | === HCB Impurities === | ||
- | The HCB quantities are calculated in light of the maximum permitted concentrations of HCB impurities established by legal acts of the EU ((Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 ((COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of approved active substances. http:// | + | The HCB quantities are calculated in light of the maximum permitted concentrations of HCB impurities established by legal acts of the EU ((Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 ((COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of approved active substances. http:// |
=== Chlorothalonil === | === Chlorothalonil === | ||
- | Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active | + | Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active |
Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. | Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. | ||
- | Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, | + | Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, |
- | For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, | + | For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, |
According to information from the BVL (October 2021, personal communication), | According to information from the BVL (October 2021, personal communication), | ||
+ | |||
For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market. | For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market. | ||
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- | The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the GDR statistics and published since 2020 (see Table II). For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of lindane was phased out in 1998. | + | The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the former |
For lindane, a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg was specified for the years 1990 through 1994. For the years after 1994 a lower concentration (50 mg/kg) was assumed which is based on compiled information of Bailey (2001)((Bailey, | For lindane, a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg was specified for the years 1990 through 1994. For the years after 1994 a lower concentration (50 mg/kg) was assumed which is based on compiled information of Bailey (2001)((Bailey, | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Other active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine === | ||
+ | |||
+ | The BVL has no information on past or current concentrations of impurities in the active substances atrazine, simazine, propazine and quintozine that have been placed on the market. For this reason, the information on impurity levels compiled in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 is used (cf. Table III). | ||
// | // | ||
Table III: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg// | Table III: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg// | ||
+ | ^ Impurity content | ||
+ | | 1987-1994 | ||
+ | | 1995-1997 | ||
+ | | 1998 - 1999 | ||
+ | | 2000 | 170 | 50 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | | ||
+ | | 2001 - 2017 | ||
+ | | 2018 - 2021 | ||
- | ^ Impurity content | ||
- | | Chlorothalonil | ||
- | | Picloram | ||
- | | Lindane | ||
In recent years, the total HCB quantities in pesticide active substances (cf. Table V) have been affected primarily by sales of chlorothalonil. | In recent years, the total HCB quantities in pesticide active substances (cf. Table V) have been affected primarily by sales of chlorothalonil. | ||
While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. | While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. | ||
+ | |||
The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, | The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, | ||
Line 173: | Line 183: | ||
- | The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated | + | The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated |
+ | |||
+ | HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a) ((BVL (2021a) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | ||
It is possible that the first " | It is possible that the first " | ||
- | The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https:// | + | The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https:// |
//Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, | //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, | ||
+ | to be done | ||
- | {{ : | ||
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===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances. The following Tables IV a) - c) show the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in tonnes per year and in percentage. | + | Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances |
- | //Tables IV a) - c): Recalculation of the activity data: lindane, | + | No recalculation was made for lindane, |
- | a) | + | Due to the changes in the input data and the assumptions on the maximum quantities of HCB, the emissions also change. The following Table IV shows the differences between the data for submission |
- | ^ Active Substance | + | |
- | | Lindane_SUB | + | |
- | | Lindane_SUB 2021 | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | b) | ||
- | ^ Active Substance | ||
- | | Chlorthalonil_SUB 2022 | t | ||
- | | Chlorthalonil_SUB 2021 | t | ||
- | | Difference | ||
- | | Difference | ||
- | c) | + | //Table IV: Recalculation of HCB emisssion from 1990 until the latest reported year, in kg and %// |
- | ^ Active Substance | + | |
- | | Picloram_SUB 2022 | t | + | |
- | | Picloram_SUB 2021 | t | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | Due to the changes in the input data and the assumptions on the maximum quantities of HCB, the emissions also change. The following Table V shows the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in kg per year and in percentage. | + | ^ Emissions |
+ | | HCB_SUB 2023 | kg | 109,3 | 138,1 | 55,9 | 29,7 | 26,7 | 18,0 | 26,6 | 24,3 | 5,0 | 45,0 | | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2022 | kg | ||
+ | | Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022) | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
- | //Table V: Recalculation of HCB emisssion from 1990 until the latest reported year, in kg.// | ||
+ | ^ Emissions | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2023 | kg | 18,6 | 0,8 | 1,0 | 9,6 | 1,6 | 34,3 | 36,3 | 30,0 | 28,9 | 21,1 | | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2022 | kg | 18,6 | 0,8 | 1,0 | 9,6 | 1,6 | 34,3 | 36,2 | 29,6 | 28,8 | 21,0 | | ||
+ | | Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022) | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
- | ^ Emissions | + | ^ Emissions |
- | | HCB_SUB | + | | HCB_SUB |
- | | HCB_SUB 2021 | | + | | HCB_SUB 2022 |
- | | Difference | + | | Difference |
- | | Difference | + | | Difference |
- | + | ||
- | ^ Emissions | + | |
- | | HCB_SUB 2022 | + | |
- | | HCB_SUB 2021 | kg | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^ Emissions | + | |
- | | HCB_SUB 2022 | kg | 24.8 | 26 | 20.7 | 22.6 | 40 | 35.4 | 45.9 | 56.8 | 8.6 | 9.1 | | + | |
- | | HCB_SUB 2021 | kg | 6.3 | 6.7 | | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
- | | Difference | + | |
+ | ^ Emissions | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2023 | kg | 1,5 | | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2022 | kg | 1,1 | | ||
+ | | Difference (Sub2023 - Sub2022) | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
===== Uncertainty ===== | ===== Uncertainty ===== | ||
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===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
- | + | For the next submissions | |
- | + | ||
- | No improvements are planned for the next submissions. | + |