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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:petroleum_refining [2021/01/14 13:43] – created kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:petroleum_refining [2024/11/06 14:50] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-=== Short description=== +====== 1.A.1.b - Petroleum Refining ======
- +
-[[f>image Raffinerie2.png size="medium"]]+
  
 +===== Short description =====
  
 Source catagory //Petroleum Refining (1.A.1.b)// comprises both refinery heating plants and electricity and heat production of refinery power plants. Source catagory //Petroleum Refining (1.A.1.b)// comprises both refinery heating plants and electricity and heat production of refinery power plants.
  
-||~ NFR-Code ||~ Name of Category ||~ Method ||~ AD ||~ EF ||~ Key Category || +^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                           ||||^  EF                                ||||| 
-||= 1.A.1.b  ||= Petroleum Refining ||= T2  ||= NS ||= CS ||= **L & T**: SO,,x,,, | **L/T**: Cd || +| 1.A.1.b        |  T2                                                                               |||||  NS                                           |||||  CS                                ||||| 
-[[collapsible show="+ Show Legend" hide="- Hide Legend"]] +^                ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB   ^  Cd   ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ 
-[[include emission-trends-all-legend]] +| Key Category:  |  -/-             |  -/-    |  L/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  L/-  |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -    |
-[[/collapsible]]+
  
-+ __Method__+ 
 +{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} 
 + 
 +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:refinery.png?nolink&400|}} 
 + 
 +===== Methodology =====
  
 Refinery processes are very complex. Therefore the development of an adequate calculation method is demanding. Since plant specific data are not complete and partly contradictory, a plant specific reporting is not possible. Data is used to determine fuel specific emission factors as general basis of the calculation model. However, in reality, a large number of several fuels and waste fuels with different fuel characteristics is used for combustion processes. Insofar the calculation model is limited.  Refinery processes are very complex. Therefore the development of an adequate calculation method is demanding. Since plant specific data are not complete and partly contradictory, a plant specific reporting is not possible. Data is used to determine fuel specific emission factors as general basis of the calculation model. However, in reality, a large number of several fuels and waste fuels with different fuel characteristics is used for combustion processes. Insofar the calculation model is limited. 
 Only some refinery power plants use wet desulfurisation in order to decrease sulfur emissions. Usually the fuels mix ensures the compliance with the limit values.       Only some refinery power plants use wet desulfurisation in order to decrease sulfur emissions. Usually the fuels mix ensures the compliance with the limit values.      
  
-++ Activity data+==== Activity data ====
  
-Fuel inputs for electricity production in refinery power stations are included in Energy Balance line 12 ("Industrial thermal power stations"). Energy Balance line 38 shows energy consumption (for heat production) of refineries. [((bibcite 1))] +Fuel inputs for electricity production in refinery power stations are included in Energy Balance line 12 ("Industrial thermal power stations"). Energy Balance line 38 shows energy consumption (for heat production) of refineries [(AGEB2022> AGEB, 2022: National energy balance and Satellite balance for renewable energy:  https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/en/data-and-facts/energy-balance-2000-to-2030/ )]. 
  
 Fuel inputs for heat production in refinery power plants and for bottom heating in refinery processes, are derived from these figures. Fuel inputs for heat production in refinery power plants and for bottom heating in refinery processes, are derived from these figures.
 Activity rates for refineries for fuel inputs for electricity and heat production in petroleum refining are determined by combining the national statistics of the Federal statistical Office (DESTATIS) and the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA). Activity rates for refineries for fuel inputs for electricity and heat production in petroleum refining are determined by combining the national statistics of the Federal statistical Office (DESTATIS) and the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA).
  
-Energy inputs in facilities for used-oil processing are reported under //[[[ 1-a-1-c-manufacture-of-solid-fuels-and-other-energy | 1.A.1.c - Other transformation]]]// sector.+Energy inputs in facilities for used-oil processing are reported under //[[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:manufacture_of_solid_fuels_and_other_energy_industries|1.A.1.c - Manufacture Of Solid Fuels And Other Energy Industries]]// sector.
  
-++ Emission factors+==== Emission factors ==== 
 + 
 +The emission factors for refinery power plants have been taken from the research project "Determination and evaluation of emission factors for combustion systems in Germany for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010" (Rentz et al 2002)[(Rentz et al., 2002: Rentz, O. ; Karl, U. ; Peter, H.: Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1995, 2000 und 2010: Forschungsbericht 299 43 142; Forschungsvorhaben im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamt; Endbericht; Karlsruhe: Deutsch-Französisches Inst. f. Umweltforschung, Univ. (TH); 2002)]. A detailed description of the procedure is presented in Chapter: //[[sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production|1.A.1.a - Public Electricity And Heat Production]]//.
  
-The emission factors for refinery power plants have been taken from the research project "Determination and evaluation of emission factors for combustion systems in Germany for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010" [((bibcite 2))]. A detailed description of the procedure is presented in Chapter: //[[[ 1-a-1-a-public-electricity-and-heat-production | 1.A.1.a - Public Electricity And Heat Production]]]//. 
 Emission factors are available for different fuel types and combustion technologies. The distinction between refinery power plants and bottom heating in refinery processes is necessary since bottom heating systems have considerably higher specific emissions. Emission factors are available for different fuel types and combustion technologies. The distinction between refinery power plants and bottom heating in refinery processes is necessary since bottom heating systems have considerably higher specific emissions.
 A running project which has to evaluate data from emission declarations for the years 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 for all refineries will provide refinery gas emission factor data for Submission 2020. The first results show the following range: A running project which has to evaluate data from emission declarations for the years 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 for all refineries will provide refinery gas emission factor data for Submission 2020. The first results show the following range:
  
-SO,,2,,: 4.79 - 16.09 kg/TJ +__Table 1: Range of emission factors, in kg/TJ__ 
-CO: 1.02 - 1.85 kg/TJ +|                 ^  Range          ^ 
-NO,,X,,: 36.71 - 45.60 kg/TJ +^ SO<sub>2</sub>  |  4.79 - 16.09   | 
-NMVOC: 0.843 - 1.170 kg/TJ +^ CO              |  1.02 - 1.85    | 
-TSP: 0.24 - 0.37 kg/TJ+^ NO<sub>X</sub>  |  36.71 - 45.60  | 
 +^ NMVOC           |  0.843 - 1.170  | 
 +^ TSP             |  0.24 - 0.37    | 
 Before the new emission factors can be used, it has to be checked which data are representative. Further quality checks are necessary in order to reproduce the trend correctly.  Before the new emission factors can be used, it has to be checked which data are representative. Further quality checks are necessary in order to reproduce the trend correctly. 
  
-+ __Trend discussion for Key Sources__+===== Trend discussion for Key Sources =====
  
 The following diagram gives an overview of the fuel consumption in the refinery sector. The following diagram gives an overview of the fuel consumption in the refinery sector.
  
-[[gallery size="medium"]] +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1b_ar.png?700|}}
-: 1A1b_AR.png +
-[[/gallery]]+
  
 Since 1990, fuel consumption has shown a slightly increasing trend overall. While some relevant installations have been decommissioned since 1990 - especially in the territory of the former GDR - production increased nevertheless. And while installation efficiencies were improved, increased production of lighter petroleum products and intensified hydrosulphurisation, which led to increases in specific fuel consumptions. Annual fluctuations of all fuel types can be explained as the result of differences in production quantities. The maximum production of petroleum products to date, totalling 123.6 million t, occurred in 2005, as a result of a shortfall in capacity in the USA, which led to an increase in imports. Thereafter, production decreased by reducing excess capacities like everywhere in Europe. Since 1990, fuel consumption has shown a slightly increasing trend overall. While some relevant installations have been decommissioned since 1990 - especially in the territory of the former GDR - production increased nevertheless. And while installation efficiencies were improved, increased production of lighter petroleum products and intensified hydrosulphurisation, which led to increases in specific fuel consumptions. Annual fluctuations of all fuel types can be explained as the result of differences in production quantities. The maximum production of petroleum products to date, totalling 123.6 million t, occurred in 2005, as a result of a shortfall in capacity in the USA, which led to an increase in imports. Thereafter, production decreased by reducing excess capacities like everywhere in Europe.
-The increasing use of natural gas in recent years led to decreasing emissions of all emissions (except NO,,x,, ).+The increasing use of natural gas in recent years led to decreasing emissions of all emissions (except NO<sub>x</sub> ).
  
-+ __Recalculations__+===== Recalculations =====
  
-Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2017) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore, recalculations are always necessary. +Recalculations were necessary for 2020 due to the implementation of the now finalised National Energy Balance. 
  
-> For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2017**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[[recalculations | 8.1 - Recalculations]]].+<WRAP center round info 60%> 
 +For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]. 
 +</WRAP>
  
-+ __Planned improvements__+===== Planned improvements =====
  
 It is planned to revise emission factors for all pollutants on the basis of the above mentioned project. It is planned to revise emission factors for all pollutants on the basis of the above mentioned project.