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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start [2023/01/10 12:20] – [FAQs] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:civil_aviation:start [2023/03/13 14:48] (current) – [FAQs] kotzulla
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 Essential for emissions reporting is the separation of domestic and international air traffic. This happens using a so-called split factor representing the ratio of fuel consumption for national flights and the over-all consumption. Essential for emissions reporting is the separation of domestic and international air traffic. This happens using a so-called split factor representing the ratio of fuel consumption for national flights and the over-all consumption.
  
-For determination of this ratio, results from TREMOD AV (TRansport Emissions MODel AViation) have been used, based on the great circle distances flown by the different types of aircraft (Knörr et al. (2021c) [(KNOERR2021c)] & Gores (2021) [(GORES2021)]. Here, the ratio is calculated on the basis of statistics on numbers of national and international flights departing from German airports provided by the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt).+For determination of this ratio, results from TREMOD AV (TRansport Emissions MODel AViation) have been used, based on the great circle distances flown by the different types of aircraft (Knörr et al. (2022c) [(KNOERR2022c)] & Gores (2022) [(GORES2022)]. Here, the ratio is calculated on the basis of statistics on numbers of national and international flights departing from German airports provided by the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt).
  
 For further dividing kerosene consumption onto flight stages LTO and cruise, again results calculated within the TREMOD AV data base based on data provided by the Federal Statistical Office have been used. For further dividing kerosene consumption onto flight stages LTO and cruise, again results calculated within the TREMOD AV data base based on data provided by the Federal Statistical Office have been used.
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 ==== Activity Data ==== ==== Activity Data ====
  
-Emissions estimation is mainly based on consumption data for jet kerosene and aviation gasoline as provided in the national Energy Balances (AGEB, 2021) [(AGEB2021)]. For very recent years with no AGEB data available (Normally the last year of the period reported.) data provided by the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA) [(BAFA2021)] is being used.+Emissions estimation is mainly based on consumption data for jet kerosene and aviation gasoline as provided in the national Energy Balances (AGEB, 2022) [(AGEB2022)]. For very recent years with no AGEB data available (Normally the last year of the period reported.) data provided by the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA) [(BAFA2022)] is being used.
  
 Table 1: Sources for 1.A.3.a activity data Table 1: Sources for 1.A.3.a activity data
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 ^ 1.A.3.a    |  195,767 |  234,579 |  298,378 |  344,525 |  362,319 |  346,729 |  371,116 |  375,166 |  362,340 |  362,204 |  389,431 |  425,543 |  437,592 |  434,809 |  200,139 |  257,679 | ^ 1.A.3.a    |  195,767 |  234,579 |  298,378 |  344,525 |  362,319 |  346,729 |  371,116 |  375,166 |  362,340 |  362,204 |  389,431 |  425,543 |  437,592 |  434,809 |  200,139 |  257,679 |
  
-source: Working Group on Energy Balances (AGEB): National Energy Balances (AGEB, 2021) [(AGEB2021)]+source: Working Group on Energy Balances (AGEB): National Energy Balances (AGEB, 2022) [(AGEB2022)]
  
 For the present purposes, kerosene-consumption figures from NEB and BAFA statistics have to be broken down by national (= domestic) and international flights: For the present purposes, kerosene-consumption figures from NEB and BAFA statistics have to be broken down by national (= domestic) and international flights:
-Here, the split has been calculated on the basis of statistics on numbers of national and international flights departing from German airports provided by the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt) within TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2021c)].+Here, the split has been calculated on the basis of statistics on numbers of national and international flights departing from German airports provided by the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt) within TREMOD AV [(KNOERR2022c)].
  
 __Table 3: Ratios for calculating the shares of fuels used in 1.A.3.a ii - Domestic and 1.A.3.a i - International Civil Aviation, in %__ __Table 3: Ratios for calculating the shares of fuels used in 1.A.3.a ii - Domestic and 1.A.3.a i - International Civil Aviation, in %__
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 ^ 1.A.3.a i   |  7.53  |  8.25  |  7.37  |  7.12  |  7.58  |  8.36  |  7.81  |  7.57  |  7.99  |   8.38 |  8.01 |   7.45 |   7.45 |   7.74 |   7.32 |   6.10 | ^ 1.A.3.a i   |  7.53  |  8.25  |  7.37  |  7.12  |  7.58  |  8.36  |  7.81  |  7.57  |  7.99  |   8.38 |  8.01 |   7.45 |   7.45 |   7.74 |   7.32 |   6.10 |
 ^ 1.A.3.a ii  |  30.2  |  29.4  |  27.9  |  27.6  |  27.6  |  27.7  |  28.0  |  27.8  |  27.7  |   27.7 |  28.1 |   28.3 |   28.4 |   28.1 |   27.6 |   33.7 | ^ 1.A.3.a ii  |  30.2  |  29.4  |  27.9  |  27.6  |  27.6  |  27.7  |  28.0  |  27.8  |  27.7  |   27.7 |  28.1 |   28.3 |   28.4 |   28.1 |   27.6 |   33.7 |
-source: number of domestic and international flights as provided by the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis, 2021) [(DESTATIS2021)], compiled and computed within [(KNOERR2021c)] and [(GORES2021)]+source: number of domestic and international flights as provided by the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis, 2022) [(DESTATIS2022)], compiled and computed within [(KNOERR2022c)] and [(GORES2022)]
 a assumption: all aircraft using aviation gasoline are operated within the LTO-range below 3,000 feet and only for domestic flights a assumption: all aircraft using aviation gasoline are operated within the LTO-range below 3,000 feet and only for domestic flights
  
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 **Nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>)**, **carbon monoxide (CO)** and **hydrocarbons (HC)** emissions were estimated using IEF calculated within TREMOD AV, based upon more specific (depending on type of aircraft, flight stage) EF mostly taken from the EMEP-EEA data base. For 2009, 40 % of over-all starts (about 70 % of total kilometres flown) had to be linked with adapted EF as it was not possible to directly or even indirectly (via similar types of aircraft) allocate the aircraft used here. Therefore, regression analysis had to be carried out, estimating EF via emission functions that calculate an EF for the respective type of engine depending on the particular take-off weight.  **Nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>)**, **carbon monoxide (CO)** and **hydrocarbons (HC)** emissions were estimated using IEF calculated within TREMOD AV, based upon more specific (depending on type of aircraft, flight stage) EF mostly taken from the EMEP-EEA data base. For 2009, 40 % of over-all starts (about 70 % of total kilometres flown) had to be linked with adapted EF as it was not possible to directly or even indirectly (via similar types of aircraft) allocate the aircraft used here. Therefore, regression analysis had to be carried out, estimating EF via emission functions that calculate an EF for the respective type of engine depending on the particular take-off weight. 
  
-As a basis for these functions the EF of types of aircraft with given EF have been used (see: Knörr et al. (2020c)) [(KNOERR2020c)]. From the trend of the emissions calculated within TREMOD AV, annual average EF for the entire fleet have been formed, which have then been used for reporting. Hence, the EF differ widely from those used in earlier submissions. +As a basis for these functions the EF of types of aircraft with given EF have been used (see: Knörr et al. (2022c)) [(KNOERR2022c)]. From the trend of the emissions calculated within TREMOD AV, annual average EF for the entire fleet have been formed, which have then been used for reporting. Hence, the EF differ widely from those used in earlier submissions. 
  
 **Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)** emissions were estimated using an EF of 0.173 g/kg kerosene for both flight stages (UBA, 2009) [(UBA2009)]. **Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)** emissions were estimated using an EF of 0.173 g/kg kerosene for both flight stages (UBA, 2009) [(UBA2009)].
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 The applied procedure is similar to the one used for calculating TSP emissions from leaded gasoline used in road transport. The applied procedure is similar to the one used for calculating TSP emissions from leaded gasoline used in road transport.
  
-[(AGEB2022>AGEB, 2022: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2019.html, (Aufruf: 23.11.2021), Köln & Berlin, 2021.)]+[(AGEB2022>AGEB, 2022: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2020/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2011-2020, (Aufruf: 23.11.2021), Köln & Berlin, 2022)]
 [(BAFA2022>BAFA, 2022: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; [(BAFA2022>BAFA, 2022: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
-URL: https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2018_dezember.html, Eschborn, 2020.)]+https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2021_12.xlsx;jsessionid=80E1FD32B36918F682608C03FDE79257.1_cid381?__blob=publicationFile&v=5, Eschborn, 2022.)]
 [(KNOERR2010> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)] [(KNOERR2010> Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.)]
 [(KNOERR2022c> Knörr et al. (2021c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2022.)] [(KNOERR2022c> Knörr et al. (2021c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2022.)]
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 [(EUROCONTROL2020> Eurocontrol (2020): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2020.)] [(EUROCONTROL2020> Eurocontrol (2020): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2020.)]
 [(IPCC2006a> IPCC (2006b): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC emission factor data base; URL: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php)] [(IPCC2006a> IPCC (2006b): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: IPCC emission factor data base; URL: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php)]
-[(AGEB2020> AGEB (2020): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2018.html, (Aufruf: 18.11.2020), Köln & Berlin, 2020.)] +[(AGEB2022> AGEB, 2022: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/daten-und-fakten/bilanzen-1990-bis-2020/?wpv-jahresbereich-bilanz=2011-2020, (Aufruf: 23.11.2022), Köln & Berlin, 2022)] 
-[(BAFA2020> BAFA (2020): Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;  +[(BAFA2022> BAFA, 2022: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; 
-URL: https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2018_dezember.html, (Aufruf: 29.11.2020), Eschborn, 2020.)]+https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2021_12.xlsx;jsessionid=80E1FD32B36918F682608C03FDE79257.1_cid381?__blob=publicationFile&v=5, Eschborn, 2022.)]
 [(DOEPELHEUER2002> Döpelheuer (2002): Anwendungsorientierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung von CO, HC und Ruß aus Luftfahrttriebwerken, Dissertationsschrift des DLR, Institut für Antriebstechnik, Köln, 2002.)] [(DOEPELHEUER2002> Döpelheuer (2002): Anwendungsorientierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung von CO, HC und Ruß aus Luftfahrttriebwerken, Dissertationsschrift des DLR, Institut für Antriebstechnik, Köln, 2002.)]
 [(CORINAIR2006> CORINAIR, 2006 - EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2006, EEA technical report No. 11/2006; Dezember 2006, Kopenhagen, 2006 URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR4 )] [(CORINAIR2006> CORINAIR, 2006 - EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2006, EEA technical report No. 11/2006; Dezember 2006, Kopenhagen, 2006 URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/EMEPCORINAIR4 )]