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sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2023/03/21 12:39] – [Table] kotzullasector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2024/11/06 14:50] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:zollverein.jpg?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:zollverein.jpg?nolink&400|}}
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                               ||||^  AD                                          ||||^  EF                               ||||| +^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                          ||||^  EF                               ||||| 
-| 1.B.1.a        |  T2, M                                                                                |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +| 1.B.1.a        |  T2, M                                                                            |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| 
-| 1.B.1.b        |  T2, T3                                                                               |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +| 1.B.1.b        |  T2, T3                                                                           |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| 
-^  Key Category  ^  NOPM<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NHPM<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +^  Key Category  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ 
-| 1.B.1.a        |  -                 |  -/-    |  -               |  -                 |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -    |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    | +| 1.B.1.a        |  -               |  -/-    |  -               |  -               |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -    |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    | 
-| 1.B.1.b        |  -/-               |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-               |  -/-              |  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -   |  -   |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/T  |  -    |+| 1.B.1.b        |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              |  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -   |  -   |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/T  |  -    |
  
 . .
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 ===== Lignite production ===== ===== Lignite production =====
 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:braunkohlenbriketts2.png?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:braunkohlenbriketts2.png?nolink&400|}}
-The activity rates for lignite production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft//’s website (in German only) [(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT)]. Extracted coal is moved directly to processing and to power stations. + 
-The emission factors used for calculating emissions from lignite production (TSP, PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) already include possible emissions from transport and storage. The PM₁₀ factor is taken from a 2021 research project [(UBA)]. TSP and PM₂.₅ have been reduced the same way on the basis of the previous values[(CEPMEIP)].+Activity data for lignite production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft//’s website (in German only) [(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT)]. Extracted coal is moved directly to processing and to power stations. 
 + 
 +The emission factors used for calculating emissions from lignite production (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) already include possible emissions from transport and storage. The PM<sub>10</sub> factor is taken from a 2021 research project [(UBA)]. TSP and PM<sub>2.5</sub> have been reduced the same way on the basis of the previous values[(CEPMEIP)].
  
 __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__ __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__
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 __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__ __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__
-^  Pollutant  ^  Value  ^ +^  Pollutant         ^  Value  ^ 
-|  TSP        |  0.03   | +|  TSP               |  0.03   | 
-|  PM₁₀       |  0.015  | +|  PM<sub>10</sub>   |  0.015  | 
-|  PM₂.₅      |  0.002  |+|  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  0.002  |
  
 ===== Lignite coke production ===== ===== Lignite coke production =====
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 __Table 4: Emission factors applied for liginte-coke production__ __Table 4: Emission factors applied for liginte-coke production__
-^  Pollutant  ^  Unit  ^  Value  ^ +^  Pollutant         ^  Unit  ^  Value  ^ 
-|  TSP        |  kg/t  |  0.1    | +|  TSP               |  kg/t  |  0.1    | 
-|  PM₁₀       |  kg/t  |  0.048  | +|  PM<sub>10</sub>   |  kg/t  |  0.048  | 
-|  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  |  0.013  | +|  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  kg/t  |  0.013  | 
-|  PAH        |  mg/t  |  55     | +|  PAH               |  mg/t  |  55     | 
-|  PCDD/F     |  µg/t  |  0.03   |+|  PCDD/F            |  µg/t  |  0.03   |
  
 ===== Hard coal coke production ===== ===== Hard coal coke production =====
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 __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__ __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__
-^  Pollutant  ^  Unit  ^  Value     ^ +^  Pollutant         ^  Unit  ^  Value     ^ 
-|  CO         |  kg/t  |  0.015     | +|  CO                |  kg/t  |  0.015     | 
-|  NH₃        |  kg/t  |  0.000243  | +|  NH<sub>3</sub>    |  kg/t  |  0.000243  | 
-|  NMVOC      |  kg/t  |  0.096     | +|  NMVOC             |  kg/t  |  0.096     | 
-|  SO₂        |  kg/t  |  0.004     | +|  SO<sub>2</sub>    |  kg/t  |  0.004     | 
-|  TSP        |  kg/t  |  0.011     | +|  TSP               |  kg/t  |  0.011     | 
-|  PM₁₀       |  kg/t  |  0.004     | +|  PM<sub>10</sub>   |  kg/t  |  0.004     | 
-|  PM₂.₅      |  kg/t  |  0.004     | +|  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  kg/t  |  0.004     | 
-|  PAH        |  mg/t  |  55        | +|  PAH               |  mg/t  |  55        | 
-|  PCDD/F     |  µg/t  |  0.0015    |+|  PCDD/F            |  µg/t  |  0.0015    |
  
 There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)]. There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)].
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 NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, mine gas can escape from neighbouring rock, and from coal remaining in the mine, into the mine's network of shafts and passageways. Since the mine is no longer artificially ventilated, the mine gas collects and can then reach the surface via gas pathways in the overlying rock or via the mine's own shafts and passageways. Such mine gas was long seen primarily as a negative environmental factor. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the gas' positive characteristics as a fuel (due to its high methane content, it is used for energy recovery). In the past, use of mine gas was rarely cost-effective. This situation changed fundamentally in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Although mine gas is a fossil fuel in finite supply, its use supports climate protection, and thus the gas was included in the EEG. The Act requires network operators to accept, and provide specified compensation for, electricity generated with mine gas and fed into the grid.  NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, mine gas can escape from neighbouring rock, and from coal remaining in the mine, into the mine's network of shafts and passageways. Since the mine is no longer artificially ventilated, the mine gas collects and can then reach the surface via gas pathways in the overlying rock or via the mine's own shafts and passageways. Such mine gas was long seen primarily as a negative environmental factor. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the gas' positive characteristics as a fuel (due to its high methane content, it is used for energy recovery). In the past, use of mine gas was rarely cost-effective. This situation changed fundamentally in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Although mine gas is a fossil fuel in finite supply, its use supports climate protection, and thus the gas was included in the EEG. The Act requires network operators to accept, and provide specified compensation for, electricity generated with mine gas and fed into the grid. 
 +
 The NMVOC emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines have been calculated in the research project "Potential for release and utilisation of mine gas" ("Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas") [(MEINERS2014)]. The relevant calculations were carried out for all mining-relevant deposits in Germany. The NMVOC emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines have been calculated in the research project "Potential for release and utilisation of mine gas" ("Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas") [(MEINERS2014)]. The relevant calculations were carried out for all mining-relevant deposits in Germany.
  
-__Table 7: NMVOC emission factor for decommissioned hard-coal mines, in [kg/m³]__+__Table 7: NMVOC emission factor for decommissioned hard-coal mines, in [kg/m<sup>13</sup>]__
 ^  EF        ^ ^  EF        ^
 |  0.001599  | |  0.001599  |
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 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-For more details please refer to overarching chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]] +<WRAP center round info 60%> 
 +For more details please refer to the super-ordinate chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]] 
 +</WRAP>
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====