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| sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2023/03/14 12:35] – [Table] kotzulla | sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2023/04/28 08:14] (current) – [Recalculations] reichel | ||
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| {{page> | {{page> | ||
| - | In 2020 a total of 24.1 million tonnes of raw steel were produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another | + | In 2021 a total of 28.2 million tonnes of raw steel were produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another |
| + | \\ | ||
| Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). The last Siemens-Martin steelworks (Stahlwerk Brandenburg) was shut down shortly after 1990. The last Thomas steelworks (Maxhütte Sulzbach-Rosenberg) discontinued its production in 2002. Due to their minor relevance and their phase-out, the emissions from Siemens-Martin and Thomas steel production are jointly calculated with the emissions from oxygen steel production.\\ | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). The last Siemens-Martin steelworks (Stahlwerk Brandenburg) was shut down shortly after 1990. The last Thomas steelworks (Maxhütte Sulzbach-Rosenberg) discontinued its production in 2002. Due to their minor relevance and their phase-out, the emissions from Siemens-Martin and Thomas steel production are jointly calculated with the emissions from oxygen steel production.\\ | ||
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| __Table 1: Overview of the emission factors applied for sinter production__ | __Table 1: Overview of the emission factors applied for sinter production__ | ||
| - | ^ Pollutant | + | ^ |
| - | | Cd | | + | ^ Cd | | 0.098 |
| - | | CO | | + | ^ CO | | 19.152 |
| - | | Cr | | + | ^ Cr | | 0.077 |
| - | | HCB | + | ^ HCB |
| - | | Hg | | + | ^ Hg | | 0.059 |
| - | | Ni | | + | ^ Ni | | 0.139 |
| - | | NMVOC | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | PAH | channelled | + | ^ PAH | channelled |
| - | | Pb | | + | ^ Pb | | 5.299 |
| - | | PCB | + | ^ PCB |
| - | | PCDD/ | + | ^ PCDD/ |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | TSP | channelled | + | ^ TSP | channelled |
| - | | TSP | diffuse | + | ^ TSP | diffuse |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| __Table 2: Overview of the emission factors applied for pig iron production__ | __Table 2: Overview of the emission factors applied for pig iron production__ | ||
| - | ^ Pollutant | + | ^ |
| - | | PAH | channelled | + | ^ PAH |
| - | | Cd | + | ^ Cd | channelled |
| - | | Cd | + | ^ Cd | diffuse |
| - | | CO | + | ^ CO | channelled |
| - | | CO | + | ^ CO | diffuse |
| - | | Cr | + | ^ Cr | channelled |
| - | | Cr | + | ^ Cr | diffuse |
| - | | Hg | + | ^ Hg | channelled |
| - | | Hg | + | ^ Hg | diffuse |
| - | | Ni | + | ^ Ni | channelled |
| - | | Ni | + | ^ Ni | diffuse |
| - | | NMVOC | | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | Pb | + | ^ Pb | channelled |
| - | | Pb | + | ^ Pb | diffuse |
| - | | PCDD/ | + | ^ PCDD/ |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | TSP | channelled | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | TSP | diffuse | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| __Table 3: Overview of the emission factors applied for oxygen steel production__ | __Table 3: Overview of the emission factors applied for oxygen steel production__ | ||
| - | ^ Pollutant | + | ^ |
| - | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | + | ^ Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.016 | g/t |
| - | | CO | | 11.500 | + | ^ CO | | 11.500 |
| - | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | g/t | | + | ^ Cr | channelled |
| - | | Cr | diffuse | + | ^ Cr | diffuse |
| - | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | g/t | | + | ^ Ni | channelled |
| - | | Ni | diffuse | + | ^ Ni | diffuse |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | PAH | channelled | + | ^ PAH |
| - | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | g/t | | + | ^ Pb | channelled |
| - | | Pb | diffuse | + | ^ Pb | diffuse |
| - | | PCB | | + | ^ PCB |
| - | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | µg/t | | + | ^ PCDD/ |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | kg/t | | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | TSP | diffuse | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| __Table 4: Overview of the emission factors applied for electric steel production__ | __Table 4: Overview of the emission factors applied for electric steel production__ | ||
| - | ^ Pollutant | + | ^ |
| - | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | g/t | | + | ^ Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | g/t |
| - | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | kg/t | | + | ^ CO | channelled |
| - | | CO | diffuse | + | ^ CO | diffuse |
| - | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | g/t | | + | ^ Cr | channelled |
| - | | Cr | diffuse | + | ^ Cr | diffuse |
| - | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | g/t | | + | ^ Hg | channelled |
| - | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | g/t | | + | ^ Ni | channelled |
| - | | Ni | diffuse | + | ^ Ni | diffuse |
| - | | NMVOC | | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | PAH | | + | ^ PAH |
| - | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | g/t | | + | ^ Pb | channelled |
| - | | Pb | diffuse | + | ^ Pb | diffuse |
| - | | PCB | | + | ^ PCB |
| - | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | | + | ^ PCDD/ |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | kg/t | | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | kg/t | | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| __Table 5: Overview of the emission factors applied for hot and cold rolling__ | __Table 5: Overview of the emission factors applied for hot and cold rolling__ | ||
| - | ^ Pollutant | + | | ^ Type of source |
| - | | CO | + | ^ CO | | |
| - | | NH< | + | ^ NH< |
| - | | NMVOC | | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | TSP | channelled | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | TSP | diffuse | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| __Table 6: Overview of the emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ | __Table 6: Overview of the emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ | ||
| - | ^ Pollutant | + | | ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ Trend ^ |
| - | | NH< | + | ^ NH< |
| - | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | | NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | + | ^ PAH |
| - | | PCDD/ | + | ^ PCDD/ |
| - | | SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | + | ^ TSP |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | | PM< | + | ^ PM< |
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| For **sinter production**, | For **sinter production**, | ||
| - | =====Discussion of emission trends===== | + | **PAH** |
| - | The trends | + | In the 2021 review the application of a consistent methodology |
| + | Emissions of PAH depend on the coating material used. \\ | ||
| + | The emission factor | ||
| + | =====Discussion of emission trends===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The trends in emissions correspond to the trends of emission factors given in the tables above, which are often driven by regulatory measures.\\ | ||
| However, since 2010, the main driver of the emission trends in most cases is the activity data. | However, since 2010, the main driver of the emission trends in most cases is the activity data. | ||
| ===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Recalculations were necessary for 2020 due to the implementation of the now finalised National Energy Balance. | ||
| <WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
| - | For more **information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2019**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables in the following chapter [[general: | + | For more **information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2020**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables in the following chapter [[general: |
| </ | </ | ||
| - | **PAH** | ||
| - | In the 2021 review the application of a consistent methodology in reporting of PAH emissions in 2C1-iron and steel production was claimed. As there is not enough data available to report individual PAHs Germany decided to only report total-PAHs for the whole time. But for pig iron production a national total-PAH emission factor was missing. For that source the national inventory solely included BaP emissions. Due to the limitation of data the total-PAH emission factor for pig iron production was derived from the BaP emission factor on the basis of the following conservative ansatz (not changing the overall PAH emission trend): | ||
| - | Emissions of PAH depend on the coating material used. The emission factor in table 3.8 of the actual emission guidebook 2019 for pig iron production (2500 mg/t) is only valid for tar containing coating material and excluded abatement technics. Both assumptions are not appropriate for Germany. As tar-free materials are used for coating PAH emissions should not play any role. And the blast furnace gas is conducted and used. But as PAH emissions could not be surely ruled out and in order to avoid an underestimation of PAH emissions in pig iron production the emission factor for total-PAH is set to the 10-fold of the BaP emission factor. | ||
| ===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||