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sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:start [2023/06/12 13:43] – [Bitumen blowing] reichelsector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:start [2023/06/16 14:48] – [Bitumen blowing] reichel
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 === Method === === Method ===
  
-Bitumen used for road paving, roof coating and other application like pipe sealing needs some enhanced properties that can be achieved by air blowing.  This is done in so called bitumen blowing units (BBU) that can operate either in continuous or in batch mode. The BBU usually are located in refineries or can be part of road paving or roof coating plants. Thermal afterburners in combination with closed capture systems to control emissions are best available technology and demanded by relevant legislation in Germany.+Bitumen used for road paving, roof coating and other application like pipe sealing needs some enhanced properties that can be achieved by air blowing.  This is done in so called bitumen blowing units (BBU) that can operate either in continuous or in batch mode. The BBU usually are located in refineries or can be part of road paving or roof coating plants. Thermal post-combustion in combination with closed capture systems to control emissions are best available technology and demanded by relevant legislation in Germany.
 In the GB 2019 <sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 2]]]**</sup> Tier 2 emission factors for bitumen blowing are presented for NMVOC, TSP, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Se and PAH. As the emission factors for TSP and heavy metals are unreferenced and based on US plants before 1980 they seem to be unsuitable to represent national conditions. That’s why own emission factors are used. In the GB 2019 <sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 2]]]**</sup> Tier 2 emission factors for bitumen blowing are presented for NMVOC, TSP, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Se and PAH. As the emission factors for TSP and heavy metals are unreferenced and based on US plants before 1980 they seem to be unsuitable to represent national conditions. That’s why own emission factors are used.
  
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 == Emission factors == == Emission factors ==
  
-The NMVOC emissions that result from bitumen blowing are calculated with an emission factor oriented to the quantity of so-treated bitumen in each case. The pertinent NMVOC emission factor was derived taking account of the maximum permitted levels and reduction-measures requirements specified in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft). The emission factor, which remains constant for all years in question, amounts to 27.2 g/t.+The NMVOC and PAH emissions that result from bitumen blowing are calculated with an emission factor derived from the uncontrolled standard emission factor of the GB 2019 taking account of the maximum permitted levels and reduction-measures requirements specified in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft). The emission factors for Cd, Cr and Ni were taken from real measurements with an increased safety factor (maximum or ten-fold). 
 +All emission factors remain constant for all years in question.
  
-__Table 1: Overview of the tier-2 emission factors applied for bitumen blowing__+__Table 1: Overview of the tier-2 emission factors applied for bitumen blowing with post-combustion__
  
 |        ^  EF 2010  ^  Unit  ^  Trend  ^ |        ^  EF 2010  ^  Unit  ^  Trend  ^
-^ NMVOC  |  27.20    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |+^ NMVOC  |  27.20    |  g/t   |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>  |
 ^ TSP    |  10.00    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  | ^ TSP    |  10.00    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 ^ Cd     |   0.03    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  | ^ Cd     |   0.03    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
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 ^ Ni     |  21.00    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  | ^ Ni     |  21.00    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 ^ Se     |   0.50    |  mg/t  |  default<sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>    | ^ Se     |   0.50    |  mg/t  |  default<sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>    |
-^ PAH    |   2.55    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |+^ PAH    |   2.55    |  mg/t  |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>  |
  
--------------------------------+=== Trend discussion (for key categories) === 
  
-===== Uncertainties =====+All trends in emissions correspond to trends of emission factors in table above and of production development. No rising trends are to identify.
  
-Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%. Uncertainties refer to a 95% confidence interval.+[{{sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:em-NMVOC_2D3g-bitumen-blowing.png | Trend of annual NMVOC and TSP emissions from bitumen blowing }}]
  
 +-------------------------------
 +
 +===== Uncertainties =====
  
 +Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%. Uncertainties refer to a 95% confidence interval. For bitumen blowing emission factor uncertainties are on a higher level just to 100%. For Cd and TSP the uncertainty are even greater than a factor of two.
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
 +For bitumen blowing a visual NMVOC emission trend description will be added.
 ===== Bibliography ===== ===== Bibliography =====