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sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:start [2023/03/14 12:51] – [Recalculations] kotzullasector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:start [2023/06/27 08:47] (current) – [Method] kotzulla
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   * The VOC concentrations in these products (substances and preparations),   * The VOC concentrations in these products (substances and preparations),
   * The relevant application and emission conditions (or the resulting specific emission factor).   * The relevant application and emission conditions (or the resulting specific emission factor).
 +
 The quantity of the solvent-based (pre-)product corresponds to the domestic consumption which is the sum of domestic production plus import minus export. The quantity of the solvent-based (pre-)product corresponds to the domestic consumption which is the sum of domestic production plus import minus export.
  
-|| NMVOC Emission = domestic consumption of a certain product * solvent content * specific emission factor||+<WRAP center round info 55%> 
 +EM<sub>NMVOC</sub> = domestic consumption of a certain product ∙ solvent content ∙ EF<sub>product</sub> 
 +</WRAP>
  
 The calculated NMVOC emissions of different product groups for a source category are then aggregated.  The calculated NMVOC emissions of different product groups for a source category are then aggregated. 
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 Total emissions of NMVOC emissions of 2.D.3g remain relatively stable. In some major activities amounts of NMVOC emissions raised, such as  from solvents used in polystyrene foam processing and the manufacture of solvent-based consumer products. Total emissions of NMVOC emissions of 2.D.3g remain relatively stable. In some major activities amounts of NMVOC emissions raised, such as  from solvents used in polystyrene foam processing and the manufacture of solvent-based consumer products.
  
-===== Uncertainties ===== 
  
-Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%. Uncertainties refer to a 95% confidence interval.+-------------------------------
  
 +===== Bitumen blowing =====
  
 +=== Method ===
  
 +Bitumen used for road paving, roof coating and other application like pipe sealing needs some enhanced properties that can be achieved by air blowing.  This is done in so called bitumen blowing units (BBU) that can operate either in continuous or in batch mode. The BBU usually are located in refineries or can be part of road paving or roof coating plants. Thermal post-combustion in combination with closed capture systems to control emissions are best available technology and demanded by relevant legislation in Germany.
 +In the GB 2019 <sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 2]]]**</sup> Tier 2 emission factors for bitumen blowing are presented for NMVOC, TSP, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Se and PAH. As the emission factors for TSP and heavy metals are unreferenced and based on US plants before 1980 they seem to be unsuitable to represent national conditions. That’s why own emission factors are used.
  
 +== Activity data ==
  
 +The applicable quantities of treated bitumen are calculated from the total-bitumen-production figures published annually by the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), in its official mineral-oil data (Amtliche Mineralöldaten)<sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 3]]]**</sup>. The applicable percentage share of blown bitumen was obtained from a one-time data survey of the association Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bitumenindustrie e.V (bitumen industry working group)<sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 4]]]**</sup> that was carried out for the year 1994, in the framework of a project<sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 5]]]**</sup> commissioned by the Federal Environment Agency (UBA). The percentage share remains constant for all years in question, and it amounts to 10%.
  
 +== Emission factors ==
 +
 +The NMVOC and PAH emissions that result from bitumen blowing are calculated with an emission factor derived from the uncontrolled standard emission factor of the GB 2019 taking account of the maximum permitted levels and reduction-measures requirements specified in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft). The emission factors for Cd, Cr and Ni were taken from real measurements with an increased safety factor (maximum or ten-fold).
 +All emission factors remain constant for all years in question.
 +
 +__Table 1: Overview of the tier-2 emission factors applied for bitumen blowing with post-combustion__
 +
 +|        ^  EF 2010  ^  Unit  ^  Trend  ^
 +^ NMVOC  |  27.20    |  g/t   |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>  |
 +^ TSP    |  10.00    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 +^ Cd     |   0.03    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 +^ As     |   0.50    |  mg/t  |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>   |
 +^ Cr     |   4.00    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 +^ Ni     |  21.00    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 +^ Se     |   0.50    |  mg/t  |  default<sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>    |
 +^ PAH    |   2.55    |  mg/t  |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>  |
 +
 +=== Trend discussion (for key categories) === 
 +
 +All trends in emissions correspond to trends of emission factors in table above and of production development. No rising trends are to identify.
 +
 +[{{sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:em-NMVOC_2D3g-bitumen-blowing.png | Trend of annual NMVOC and TSP emissions from bitumen blowing }}]
 +
 +-------------------------------
 +
 +===== Uncertainties =====
 +
 +Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%. Uncertainties refer to a 95% confidence interval. For bitumen blowing emission factor uncertainties are on a higher level just to 100%. For Cd and TSP the uncertainty are even greater than a factor of two.
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
-== Bitumen blowing == +For bitumen blowing a visual NMVOC emission trend description will be added. 
-The process of air blowing of bitumen could not only be conducted at oil refineries but also at asphalt processing and asphalt roofing plants. The emissions of air pollutants in that plants depend on various parameters like process conduct and measures to control and abate emissions. All that information is not available to determine the activity rates and emission factors. The Tier 2 emission factors for bitumen blowing in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019 only are uncontrolled emission factors based on US plants before 1980 seeming unsuitable to represent national conditions. Therefore it is planed to gather information to report emissions on a Tier 2 level. That reporting could not start before submission 2022. +===== Bibliography ===== 
-Meanwhile the correct notation keys for PAH emissions in 2.D.3.g in the NFR-tables must be set to NE. + 
 +**Lit. 1:** UBA, 2007: Jörß, Wolfram; Handke, Volker; Lambrecht, Udo and Dünnebeil, Frank (2007): Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000 – 2020. UBA-TEXTE Nr. 38/2007. Dessau-Roßlau: Umweltbundesamt. URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-massnahmenanalyse-feinstaub-2000-2020. \\  
 +**Lit. 2:** EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019 https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-g-chemical/view, table 3-8 \\  
 +**Lit. 3:** Official Mineral-oil Data (amtliche Mineralöldaten) of the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA); https://www.bafa.de/DE/Energie/Rohstoffe/Mineraloelstatistik/mineraloel_node.html)\\ 
 +**Lit. 4:** Eisele, F. (1998); Mündliche Information der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bitumenindustrie e.V, Persönliche Information, Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER), Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart\\ 
 +**Lit. 5:** Theloke J., Obermeier A., Friedrich R. (Juni 2000), Ermittlung der Lösemittelemissionen 1994 in Deutschland und Methoden zur Fortschreibung. Stuttgart, Dessau-Roßlau\\ 
 +**Lit. 6:** Trumbore, David C. (Owens Corning, Asphalt Technology Laboratory, Summit, IL 60501; Spring 1998). The Magnitude and Source of Air Emissions from Asphalt blowing operations. //Environmental Progress//, Vol. 17, No. 1\\