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sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:start [2023/06/12 12:58] – [Bibliography] reichelsector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:start [2023/06/27 08:47] (current) – [Method] kotzulla
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   * The VOC concentrations in these products (substances and preparations),   * The VOC concentrations in these products (substances and preparations),
   * The relevant application and emission conditions (or the resulting specific emission factor).   * The relevant application and emission conditions (or the resulting specific emission factor).
 +
 The quantity of the solvent-based (pre-)product corresponds to the domestic consumption which is the sum of domestic production plus import minus export. The quantity of the solvent-based (pre-)product corresponds to the domestic consumption which is the sum of domestic production plus import minus export.
  
-|| NMVOC Emission = domestic consumption of a certain product * solvent content * specific emission factor||+<WRAP center round info 55%> 
 +EM<sub>NMVOC</sub> = domestic consumption of a certain product ∙ solvent content ∙ EF<sub>product</sub> 
 +</WRAP>
  
 The calculated NMVOC emissions of different product groups for a source category are then aggregated.  The calculated NMVOC emissions of different product groups for a source category are then aggregated. 
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 === Method === === Method ===
  
-Bitumen used for road paving, roof coating and other application like pipe sealing needs some enhanced properties that can be achieved by air blowing.  This is done in so called bitumen blowing units (BBU) that can operate either in continuous or in batch mode. The BBU usually are located in refineries or can be part of road paving or roof coating plants. Thermal afterburners in combination with closed capture systems to control emissions are best available technology and demanded by relevant legislation in Germany.+Bitumen used for road paving, roof coating and other application like pipe sealing needs some enhanced properties that can be achieved by air blowing.  This is done in so called bitumen blowing units (BBU) that can operate either in continuous or in batch mode. The BBU usually are located in refineries or can be part of road paving or roof coating plants. Thermal post-combustion in combination with closed capture systems to control emissions are best available technology and demanded by relevant legislation in Germany.
 In the GB 2019 <sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 2]]]**</sup> Tier 2 emission factors for bitumen blowing are presented for NMVOC, TSP, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Se and PAH. As the emission factors for TSP and heavy metals are unreferenced and based on US plants before 1980 they seem to be unsuitable to represent national conditions. That’s why own emission factors are used. In the GB 2019 <sup>**[[#Bibliography| [Lit. 2]]]**</sup> Tier 2 emission factors for bitumen blowing are presented for NMVOC, TSP, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Se and PAH. As the emission factors for TSP and heavy metals are unreferenced and based on US plants before 1980 they seem to be unsuitable to represent national conditions. That’s why own emission factors are used.
  
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 == Emission factors == == Emission factors ==
  
-The NMVOC emissions that result from bitumen blowing are calculated with an emission factor oriented to the quantity of so-treated bitumen in each case. The pertinent NMVOC emission factor was derived taking account of the maximum permitted levels and reduction-measures requirements specified in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft). The emission factor, which remains constant for all years in question, amounts to 27.2 g/t.+The NMVOC and PAH emissions that result from bitumen blowing are calculated with an emission factor derived from the uncontrolled standard emission factor of the GB 2019 taking account of the maximum permitted levels and reduction-measures requirements specified in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft). The emission factors for Cd, Cr and Ni were taken from real measurements with an increased safety factor (maximum or ten-fold). 
 +All emission factors remain constant for all years in question.
  
-__Table 1: Overview of the tier-1 emission factors applied for bitumen blowing__+__Table 1: Overview of the tier-2 emission factors applied for bitumen blowing with post-combustion__
  
 |        ^  EF 2010  ^  Unit  ^  Trend  ^ |        ^  EF 2010  ^  Unit  ^  Trend  ^
-^ NMVOC  |  27.20    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |+^ NMVOC  |  27.20    |  g/t   |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>  |
 ^ TSP    |  10.00    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  | ^ TSP    |  10.00    |  g/t   |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 ^ Cd     |   0.03    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  | ^ Cd     |   0.03    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
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 ^ Ni     |  21.00    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  | ^ Ni     |  21.00    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |
 ^ Se     |   0.50    |  mg/t  |  default<sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>    | ^ Se     |   0.50    |  mg/t  |  default<sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>    |
-^ PAH    |   2.55    |  mg/t  |  constant <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 6)]]</sup>  |+^ PAH    |   2.55    |  mg/t  |  default <sup>[[#Bibliography| (Lit. 2)]]</sup>  |
  
--------------------------------+=== Trend discussion (for key categories) === 
  
-===== Uncertainties =====+All trends in emissions correspond to trends of emission factors in table above and of production development. No rising trends are to identify.
  
-Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%. Uncertainties refer to a 95% confidence interval.+[{{sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:em-NMVOC_2D3g-bitumen-blowing.png | Trend of annual NMVOC and TSP emissions from bitumen blowing }}]
  
 +-------------------------------
 +
 +===== Uncertainties =====
  
 +Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%. Uncertainties refer to a 95% confidence interval. For bitumen blowing emission factor uncertainties are on a higher level just to 100%. For Cd and TSP the uncertainty are even greater than a factor of two.
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
 +For bitumen blowing a visual NMVOC emission trend description will be added.
 ===== Bibliography ===== ===== Bibliography =====
  
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 **Lit. 2:** EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019 https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-g-chemical/view, table 3-8 \\  **Lit. 2:** EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019 https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-d-l-other-solvent/2-d-3-g-chemical/view, table 3-8 \\ 
 **Lit. 3:** Official Mineral-oil Data (amtliche Mineralöldaten) of the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA); https://www.bafa.de/DE/Energie/Rohstoffe/Mineraloelstatistik/mineraloel_node.html)\\ **Lit. 3:** Official Mineral-oil Data (amtliche Mineralöldaten) of the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA); https://www.bafa.de/DE/Energie/Rohstoffe/Mineraloelstatistik/mineraloel_node.html)\\
-**Lit. 4:** \\ +**Lit. 4:** Eisele, F. (1998); Mündliche Information der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bitumenindustrie e.V, Persönliche Information, Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER), Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart\\ 
-**Lit. 5:** \\ +**Lit. 5:** Theloke J., Obermeier A., Friedrich R. (Juni 2000), Ermittlung der Lösemittelemissionen 1994 in Deutschland und Methoden zur Fortschreibung. Stuttgart, Dessau-Roßlau\\ 
-**Lit. 6:** \\+**Lit. 6:** Trumbore, David C. (Owens Corning, Asphalt Technology Laboratory, Summit, IL 60501; Spring 1998). The Magnitude and Source of Air Emissions from Asphalt blowing operations. //Environmental Progress//, Vol. 17, No. 1\\