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sector:ippu:pulp_paper_food:pulp_and_paper_industry:start [2021/04/30 10:08] – [Emissions factors] kludt | sector:ippu:pulp_paper_food:pulp_and_paper_industry:start [2023/04/12 13:37] – [Sulphite process] kludt | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
- | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
- | | 2.H.1 | + | | 2.H.1 | T1 |
- | ^ | + | ^ |
- | | 2.H.1 | -/- | -/- | - | -/- | - | - | + | | Key Category: |
| | ||
\\ | \\ | ||
- | The fibre for paper production is produced, via chemical or mechanical processes, either from fresh fibre or from processed recycled paper. A distinction is made between integrated and non-integrated pulp and paper mills. Non-integrated pulp mills solely produce pulp for sale on the open market. | + | The fibre pulp for paper production is produced, via chemical or mechanical processes, either from fresh fibre or from processed recycled paper. A distinction is made between integrated and non-integrated pulp and paper mills. Non-integrated pulp mills solely produce pulp for sale on the open market. |
On the other hand, integrated mills produce both pulp and paper, at integrated sites. A paper mill can either produce paper from fibre material produced at other locations or be integrated within complete pulping processes set up at one site. | On the other hand, integrated mills produce both pulp and paper, at integrated sites. A paper mill can either produce paper from fibre material produced at other locations or be integrated within complete pulping processes set up at one site. | ||
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==== Sulphate process ==== | ==== Sulphate process ==== | ||
- | The sulphate or kraft process is the world' | + | The sulphate or kraft process is the world' |
- | This process produces atmospheric emissions in chemical recovery (boilers), in bark combustion, from lime kiln - from the combustion of strong and weak non-condensable gases (NCG) in dedicated burner, in wood-chip storage, in pulp digestion, in pulp washing, in bleaching, in bleach-chemical processing, in evaporation, in sorting and washing, in processing of circulating water and in operation of various types of tanks. Such emissions include fugitive emissions that occur at various processing points – primarily in (liquor)-recovery boilers, lime kilns and auxiliary boilers. The main components of emissions include nitrogen oxides, sulphur-containing compounds, such as sulphur dioxide, and NCG which consists mainly out of reduced sulphur | + | This process produces atmospheric emissions in chemical recovery (boilers), in bark combustion, from lime kiln - from the combustion of strong and weak non-condensable gases (NCG) in dedicated burner, in wood-handling, in pulp cooking, in pulp washing, in bleaching, in bleaching-chemical processing, in evaporation, |
- | The two German sulphate-pulping plants are fitted with a system for post-incineration of NCG equipped with wet scrubbers for SOₓ removal and with systems for NOx-reduced combustion in recovery boilers (>20 % NOₓ reduction; figures of the German Pulp and Paper Association (VDP, September 2004). | + | |
+ | The two German sulphate-pulping plants are fitted with a system for post-incineration of NCG equipped with wet scrubbers for SOₓ removal and with systems for NOx-reduced combustion in recovery boilers (>20 % NOₓ reduction; figures of the German Pulp and Paper Association (VDP, September 2004). Because of the odours of reduced sulphur compounds, the two relevant plants are practically leak-proof and fitted with an advanced collection and odour abatement technique - otherwise they would not be permitted in Germany. All residues end up in (liquor)-recovery boilers and do not emit in reduced form. | ||
==== Sulphite process ==== | ==== Sulphite process ==== | ||
- | Sulphite pulp is produced in 4 of 6 installations in Germany. In such plants, pulping is based on the use of aqueous sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and a base - calcium, sodium, magnesium or ammonium. The sulphate process and the sulphite process have numerous similarities, | + | Sulphite pulp is produced in 4 of 6 installations in Germany. In such plants, pulping is based on the use of aqueous sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and a base - calcium, sodium, magnesium or ammonium. The four German mills use the acid bisulphite method. Acid processes are those in which the pH is 1 – 2.5. Sulphite pulping for papermaking derives its name from the use of a bisulphite solution as the delignifying medium. The cation used for papermaking pulp is magnesium (all 4 mills in Germany). The sulphate process and the sulphite process have numerous similarities, |
+ | Atmospheric emissions occur especially in recovery (boilers) and in bark combustion. Waste-gas emissions with less concentrated SO₂ are released in washing and sorting processes, and they are released by ventilation shafts of evaporators and by various tanks. Such emission escape – in part, as fugitive emissions – at various points of the process. They consist primarily of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust. | ||
- | Atmospheric emissions occur especially | + | All four sulphite pulping plants |
- | Waste-gas emissions | + | A number of measures |
- | They consist primarily | + | Explanation |
- | All four sulphite pulping | + | Emissions of odorous gases in sulphite pulping are normally limited compared to kraft (sulphate) pulping. However, emissions of furfural mercaptan |
+ | Exceptions with ammonia emissions are prohibited and actually excluded. Both circumstances are therefore not relevant for Germany. | ||
==== Mechanical pulp ==== | ==== Mechanical pulp ==== | ||
Mechanical pulp is produced in 8 plants in Germany. In mechanical pulping, wood fibres are separated from each other via mechanical energy applied to the wood matrix. This process is designed to conserve most of the lignin in the wood, in order to maximise yields while ensuring that the pulp has adequate strength and whiteness. Two main processes are differentiated: | Mechanical pulp is produced in 8 plants in Germany. In mechanical pulping, wood fibres are separated from each other via mechanical energy applied to the wood matrix. This process is designed to conserve most of the lignin in the wood, in order to maximise yields while ensuring that the pulp has adequate strength and whiteness. Two main processes are differentiated: | ||
- | + | * Unordered List Itemthe | |
- | the wood-grinding process, in which pieces of wood are are wettened and pressed against a rotating grinder | + | |
and | and | ||
- | + | * the refiner process, in which wood chips are broken down into fibres in disk refiners. | |
- | the refiner process, in which wood chips are broken down into fibres in disk refiners. | + | |
Mechanical-pulp properties can be influenced by increasing the process temperature and, in the case of the refiner process, by chemical pre-treatment of the wood chips. The pulping process in which wood is chemically pre-softened and then broken down into fibres, under pressure, is known as chemical-thermal-mechanical pulping (CTMP). | Mechanical-pulp properties can be influenced by increasing the process temperature and, in the case of the refiner process, by chemical pre-treatment of the wood chips. The pulping process in which wood is chemically pre-softened and then broken down into fibres, under pressure, is known as chemical-thermal-mechanical pulping (CTMP). | ||
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==== Activity data ==== | ==== Activity data ==== | ||
- | The figures are available from the base year 1990 onwards and are collected annually by the Association of German Paper Mills compiled in a so-called | + | The figures are available from the base year 1990 onwards and are collected annually by the Association of German Paper Mills compiled in a so-called |
==== Emissions factors ==== | ==== Emissions factors ==== | ||
- | Since 2005 real emission factors from German plants for pulp production are available (German contribution to revision of the Best Available Technique Reference Document (BREF) for the pulp and paper industry, 2007). For this reason, interpolations were carried out between default and country specific values for 1990 and the real, plant-based values (valid from 1995 up to now). | + | Since 2005 real emission factors from German plants for pulp production are available (German contribution to revision of the Best Available Technique Reference Document (BREF) for the pulp and paper industry, 2007). For this reason, |
+ | In 2022 the national expert evaluated the used EFs with new figures of the producers [(Figures of facilities: „Data of periodic monitoring“ made available by industry association, | ||
- | __Table 1: Overview of applied emission factors, in kg/t__ | + | __Table 1: Overview of most recently |
- | ^ pollutant | + | ^ |
- | | NOₓ | sulphat pulp | | + | ^ CO |
- | | NOₓ | + | ^ NO< |
- | | NMVOC | sulphat pulp | C | | + | ^ NMVOC |
- | | SO₂ | + | ^ SO< |
- | | SO₂ | + | ^ TSP | 0.09 | 0.14 | |
+ | ^ PM10 | ||
+ | ^ PM2.5 | | ||
- | A range of measures in sulphite pulp production, carried out on a continual basis, led to reductions of SO2 emissions. | + | A range of measures in sulphite pulp production, carried out on a continual basis, led to reductions of SO₂ emissions. |
EF of NMVOC is confidential since the AD of sulphat pulp is confidential. | EF of NMVOC is confidential since the AD of sulphat pulp is confidential. | ||
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | With activity data and emission factors | + | |
+ | Recalculations were necessary due to corrected | ||
+ | |||
+ | [{{: | ||
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
- | For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following | + | For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general: |
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- | |||
===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
- | At the moment, no category-specific | + | At the moment, no improvements are planned. |