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sector:ippu:pulp_paper_food:pulp_and_paper_industry:start [2023/04/12 13:37] – [Sulphite process] kludtsector:ippu:pulp_paper_food:pulp_and_paper_industry:start [2023/04/19 12:39] (current) – [Paper and carton production] kludt
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 ==== Mechanical pulp ==== ==== Mechanical pulp ====
  
-Mechanical pulp is produced in 8 plants in Germany. In mechanical pulping, wood fibres are separated from each other via mechanical energy applied to the wood matrix. This process is designed to conserve most of the lignin in the wood, in order to maximise yields while ensuring that the pulp has adequate strength and whiteness. Two main processes are differentiated: +Mechanical pulp is produced in 8 plants in Germany. In mechanical pulping, wood fibres are separated from each other via mechanical energy applied to the wood matrix. This process is designed to conserve most of the lignin in the wood, in order to maximise yields while ensuring that the pulp has adequate strength and whiteness. In German mills two main processes are differentiated: 
-  * Unordered List Itemthe wood-grinding process, in which pieces of wood are are wettened and pressed against a rotating grinder+  * the groundwood process (GW), in which pieces of wood are wettened and pressed against a rotating grinder
 and and
-  * the refiner process, in which wood chips are broken down into fibres in disk refiners.+  * the thermomechanical pulping process (TMP), in which wood chips are broken down into fibres in disk refiners.
 Mechanical-pulp properties can be influenced by increasing the process temperature and, in the case of the refiner process, by chemical pre-treatment of the wood chips. The pulping process in which wood is chemically pre-softened and then broken down into fibres, under pressure, is known as chemical-thermal-mechanical pulping (CTMP). Mechanical-pulp properties can be influenced by increasing the process temperature and, in the case of the refiner process, by chemical pre-treatment of the wood chips. The pulping process in which wood is chemically pre-softened and then broken down into fibres, under pressure, is known as chemical-thermal-mechanical pulping (CTMP).
  
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 ==== Paper and carton production ==== ==== Paper and carton production ====
  
-Paper is made from fibre materials, water and chemical additives. The entire paper-making process consumes large amounts of energy. Electricity is required primarily for operation of various motors and for grinding of fibres. Process heat is used primarily for heating water, other liquids and air, for evaporating water in the drying process of paper machines and for converting steam into electrical energy (with heat/power cogeneration). Large amounts of water are required as process water and for cooling. Various additives are used in the paper production process as process supplies and to enhance product properties (paper additives).+Paper is made from fibre materials, water and chemical additives. The entire paper-making process consumes large amounts of energy. Electricity is required primarily for operation of various motors and for grinding of fibres. Process heat is used primarily for heating water, other liquids and air, as steam in the drying process of paper machines and for converting steam into electrical energy (with heat/power cogeneration). Large amounts of water are required as process water and for cooling. Various additives are used in the paper production process as process supplies and to enhance product properties (paper additives).
  
-Most of the waste-gas emissions produced by non-integrated paper mills are produced by steam-production and energy-generation systems. The boilers used in such systems are standard boilers that do not differ from those of other combustion systems. It is assumed that such systems are operated in the same manner as other auxiliary boilers of the same capacity.+Most of the waste-gas emissions produced by non-integrated paper mills are produced by steam-production and electricity-generation systems. The boilers used in such systems are standard boilers that do not differ from those of other combustion systems. It is assumed that such systems are operated in the same manner as other auxiliary boilers of the same capacity.
  
 Overall, most product-specific waste-gas emissions are site-dependent (for example, they depend on the type of fuel used, the size and type of the relevant facility, whether the plant is integrated or non-integrated, whether it generates electricity). The auxiliary boilers used in Germany cover a wide spectrum of different sizes (from 10 to more than 200 MW). With smaller boilers, the only useful approach is to use low-sulphur fuels and the pertinent combustion technologies, while secondary reduction measures can also be effective with larger boilers. Overall, most product-specific waste-gas emissions are site-dependent (for example, they depend on the type of fuel used, the size and type of the relevant facility, whether the plant is integrated or non-integrated, whether it generates electricity). The auxiliary boilers used in Germany cover a wide spectrum of different sizes (from 10 to more than 200 MW). With smaller boilers, the only useful approach is to use low-sulphur fuels and the pertinent combustion technologies, while secondary reduction measures can also be effective with larger boilers.
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 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
  
-The figures are available from the base year 1990 onwards and are collected annually by the Association of German Paper Mills compiled in a so-called Performance Report [(and other short statistics: https://www.papierindustrie.de/papierindustrie/statistik)]. The separate AD of sulphat pulp and sulphit pulp may not be published, but only in sum.+The figures are available from the base year 1990 onwards and are collected annually by the Association of German Paper Mills compiled in a so-called Performance Report [(and other short statistics: https://www.papierindustrie.de/papierindustrie/statistik)]. The separate AD of sulphate pulp and sulphite pulp may not be published, but only in sum.
  
 ==== Emissions factors ==== ==== Emissions factors ====
  
 Since 2005 real emission factors from German plants for pulp production are available (German contribution to revision of the Best Available Technique Reference Document (BREF) for the pulp and paper industry, 2007). For this reason, in many cases interpolations were carried out between default and country specific values for 1990 and the real, plant-based values (valid from 1995 up to now). Since 2005 real emission factors from German plants for pulp production are available (German contribution to revision of the Best Available Technique Reference Document (BREF) for the pulp and paper industry, 2007). For this reason, in many cases interpolations were carried out between default and country specific values for 1990 and the real, plant-based values (valid from 1995 up to now).
-In 2022 the national expert evaluated the used EFs with new figures of the producers [(Figures of facilities: „Data of periodic monitoring“ made available by industry association, but not public available because of production secrets)]. Some changes has been necessary with the following results:+In 2022 the national expert evaluated the used EFs with new figures of the producers [(Figures of facilities: „Data of periodic monitoring“ made available by industry association, but not public available because of confidentiality issues)]. Some changes have been necessary with the following results:
  
 __Table 1: Overview of most recently applied emission factors, in kg/t__ __Table 1: Overview of most recently applied emission factors, in kg/t__
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 A range of measures in sulphite pulp production, carried out on a continual basis, led to reductions of SO₂ emissions. A range of measures in sulphite pulp production, carried out on a continual basis, led to reductions of SO₂ emissions.
-EF of NMVOC is confidential since the AD of sulphat pulp is confidential.+EF of NMVOC is confidential since the AD of sulphate pulp is confidential.
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====