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sector:other_and_natural_sources:forest_fires [2022/11/09 12:28] – [Table] doeringsector:other_and_natural_sources:forest_fires [2024/11/06 14:50] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-====== 11 - Natural Sources ======= 
 ===== 11.B - Forest Fires ===== ===== 11.B - Forest Fires =====
  
 +==== Short Description ====
  
- 
-==== Short Description ==== 
 In Germany’s forests prescribed burning is not applied. Therefore, all forest fires are categorized as wildfires (include emissions from forest fires occurring naturally or caused by humans). - Note that emissions reported here are not accounted for the national totals. In Germany’s forests prescribed burning is not applied. Therefore, all forest fires are categorized as wildfires (include emissions from forest fires occurring naturally or caused by humans). - Note that emissions reported here are not accounted for the national totals.
  
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      * [[https://www.thuenen.de/en/institutes/forest-ecosystems/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/carbon-inventory-2017|the carbon inventory 2017]].       * [[https://www.thuenen.de/en/institutes/forest-ecosystems/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/carbon-inventory-2017|the carbon inventory 2017]]. 
    
-Biomass of Litter was derived for each year by linear interpolation between 1990 and 2006 and extrapolation from 2007 based on the both Forest soil inventories (BZE I Wald (1990) and BZE II Wald (2006)). +Biomass of Litter was derived for each year by linear interpolation between 1990 and 2006 and extrapolation from 2007 based on the both Forest soil inventories (BZE I Wald (1990)((WOLFF, B. & RIEK, W. (1997): Deutscher Waldbodenbericht 1996 - Ergebnisse der bundesweiten Bodenzustandserhebung in Wald (BZE) 1987 - 1993. Hrsg.: Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Bonn, Bd. 1 u. 2., 144 S.,[[https://www.bmel-statistik.de/fileadmin/daten/FHB-0320205-1996.pdf]])) and BZE II Wald (2006)((WELLBROCK , N., AYDIN, C.-T., BLOCK, J., BUSSIAN, B., DECKERT, M., DIEKMANN, O., EVERS, J., FETZER, K. D., GAUER, J., GEHRMANN, J., KÖLLING, C., KÖNIG, N., LIESEBACH, M., MARIN, J., MEIWES, K. J., MILBERT, G., RABEN, G., RIEK, W., SCHÄFFER, W., SCHWERHOFF, J., ULLRICH, T., UTERMANN, J., VOLZ, H.-A., WEIGEL, A. & WOLFF, B. (2006): Bodenzustandserhebung im Wald (BZE II) Arbeitsanleitung für die Außenaufnahmen. Bundesministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Berlin, 413 S. [[https://www.bmel.de/DE/themen/wald/wald-in-deutschland/bodenzustandserhebung.html]]))). 
  
 Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires.  Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires. 
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 The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without). The Guidebook does not indicate whether EFs have considered the condensable component (with or without).
 +
  
 === Activity data === === Activity data ===
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 __Table 1: Area of forest burnt from 1990 until the latest reporting year, in [ha]__ __Table 1: Area of forest burnt from 1990 until the latest reporting year, in [ha]__
 +^  1990   ^  1991  ^  1992   ^  1993   ^  1994   ^  1995  ^  1996   ^  1997  ^  1998   ^  1999   ^
 +|  1,606  |  920   |  4,908  |  1,493  |  1,114  |  592   |  1,381  |  599   |  397    |  415    |
 +^  2000   ^  2001  ^  2002   ^  2003   ^  2004   ^  2005  ^  2006   ^  2007  ^  2008   ^  2009   ^
 +|  581    |  122   |  122    |  1,315  |  274    |  183   |  482    |  256   |  539    |  757    |
 +^  2010   ^  2011  ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015  ^  2016   ^  2017  ^  2018   ^  2019   ^
 +|  522    |  214   |  269    |  199    |  120    |  526   |  283    |  395   |  2,349  |  2,711  |
 +^  2020   ^  2021  |         |         |         |        |         |        |         |         |
 +|  368    |  148   |         |         |         |        |         |        |         |         |
  
 +=== Emission factors ===
  
 +For the year 2021 the follwing estimated emission factors were applied:
  
-^                       ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^  2000  ^ +__Table 2: Emission factors applied for 2021__ 
-| Area of forest burnt  |   1606 |    920 |   4908 |   1493 |   1114 |    592 |   1381 |    599 |    397 |    415 |    581 |+^                    ^  EF<sub>2021</sub>  ^ 
 +|  NO<sub>x</sub>    |  155.19             | 
 +|  CO                |  5,535.19           | 
 +|  NMVOC             |  488.86             | 
 +|  SO<sub>x</sub>    |  37.25              | 
 +|  NH<sub>3</sub>    |  41.9               | 
 +|  TSP               |  879.42             | 
 +|  PM<sub>10</sub>   |  569.04             | 
 +|  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  465.58             | 
 +|  BC                |  41.90              |
  
 +In addition, a single but large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under here. A detailed description can be found in the NIR
 +2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were released.
  
 +The burned area of the drained moor used as a military facility covered 1,221 ha. The fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Services of the German Armed Forces. The emissions are calculated according to IPCC GL (2006), chapter 2, form 2.27 ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Eds.: Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (Eds). IEA/OECD, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html)).
  
-^                       ^  2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^ +The product M<sub>B</sub> × C<sub>f</sub> is set to 336 t d.m. ha<sup>-1</sup> according to Table 2.6 and equation 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b): 2013 Supplement to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html)), i.e. it is assumed that the moor was completely drained during the fire.
-| Area of forest burnt  |    122 |    122 |   1315 |    274 |    183 |    482 |    256 |    539 |    757 |    522 |    214 |+
  
 +<WRAP center round info 60%>
 +  * M<sub>B</sub> = mass of fuel available for combustion, tonnes ha-1 (i.e. mass of dry organic soil fuel)
  
-^                       ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ 2020  ^ 2021  ^ +  * C<sub>f</sub> = combustion factor, dimensionless 
-| Area of forest burnt  |    269 |    199 |    120 |    526 |    283 |    395 |   2349 |   2711 |   368 |   148 |+</WRAP>
  
  
 +For calculating CO emissions, the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)<sup>-1</sup>, is taken into account, resulting in 85 kt CO. 
  
-=== Emission factors ===+=== Recalculations ===
  
 +Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the methodology changes (the inclusion of the burning biomass of dead wood and litter, which has not been considered until now). No recalculation was made for the large-scale fire in 2018. 
  
-For the year 2021 the estimated emission factors from table 2 were applied. +__Table 3: Recalculation of air pollutant emisssions from 1990 until the latest reported year, in [kt]__
- +
-__Table 2: Emission factors in [kg/ha forest area burnt] applied for 2021__ +
-^ Pollutant         ^ EF<sub>2021/sub>  ^  ^ +
-|                   | 155.19               | +
-| CO                | 5,535.19             | +
-| NMVOC             | 488.86               | +
-| SO<sub>x</sub>    | 37.25                | +
-| NH<sub>3</sub>    | 41.9                 | +
-| TSP               | 879.42               | +
-| PM<sub>10</sub>   | 569.04               | +
-| PM<sub>2.5</sub>  | 465.58               | +
-| BC                | 41.90                | +
- +
-In addition, a large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under 11.B. A detailed description can be found in the NIR +
-2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were released.+
  
-The burned area of the drained moor, which is used as a military facility, covered 1,221 ha. This fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Services of the German Armed Forces. The emissions are calculated according to IPCC GL (2006), chapter 2, form 2.27 ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Eds.: Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (Eds). IEA/OECD, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html)).+|                                                 ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018    ^  2019    ^  2020   ^ 
 +| Black Carbon (BC)                                                                                                                                    |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.061  |  0.022  |  0.022  |  0.007  |  0.020  |  0.021  |  0.011  |  0.016  |  0.096   |  0.112   |  0.015  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.047  |  0.017  |  0.017  |  0.005  |  0.016  |  0.017  |  0.009  |  0.013  |  0.078   |  0.091   |  0.013  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.014  |  0.005  |  0.005  |  0.001  |  0.004  |  0.004  |  0.002  |  0.003  |  0.018   |  0.020   |  0.003  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Carbon monoxide                                                                                                                                      |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  8.043  |  2.949  |  2.879  |  0.911  |  2.641  |  2.771  |  1.506  |  2.114  |  12.684  |  14.762  |  2.019  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  6.165  |  2.284  |  2.253  |  0.722  |  2.125  |  2.257  |  1.228  |  1.724  |  10.357  |  12.067  |  1.652  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  1.878  |  0.665  |  0.627  |  0.189  |  0.515  |  0.515  |  0.278  |  0.390  |  2.327   |  2.695   |  0.367  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Ammonia                                                                                                                                              |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.061  |  0.022  |  0.022  |  0.007  |  0.020  |  0.021  |  0.012  |  0.016  |  0.098   |  0.112   |  0.015  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.047  |  0.017  |  0.017  |  0.005  |  0.016  |  0.017  |  0.009  |  0.013  |  0.078   |  0.091   |  0.013  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.014  |  0.005  |  0.005  |  0.001  |  0.004  |  0.004  |  0.002  |  0.003  |  0.020   |  0.020   |  0.003  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.0%  |  28.7%  |  27.7%  |  26.8%  |  27.2%  |  25.8%  |  25.5%  |  25.7%  |  25.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC)                                                                                                       |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.710  |  0.260  |  0.254  |  0.080  |  0.233  |  0.245  |  0.133  |  0.187  |  1.120   |  1.304   |  0.178  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.545  |  0.202  |  0.199  |  0.064  |  0.188  |  0.199  |  0.108  |  0.152  |  0.915   |  1.066   |  0.146  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.166  |  0.059  |  0.055  |  0.017  |  0.046  |  0.045  |  0.025  |  0.034  |  0.205   |  0.238   |  0.032  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Nitrogen oxides                                                                                                                                      |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.226  |  0.083  |  0.081  |  0.026  |  0.074  |  0.078  |  0.042  |  0.059  |  0.356   |  0.414   |  0.057  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.173  |  0.064  |  0.063  |  0.020  |  0.060  |  0.063  |  0.034  |  0.048  |  0.290   |  0.338   |  0.046  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.053  |  0.019  |  0.018  |  0.005  |  0.014  |  0.014  |  0.008  |  0.011  |  0.065   |  0.076   |  0.010  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Particulate Matter <10µm (PM<sub>10</sub>)                                                                                                           |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.827  |  0.303  |  0.296  |  0.094  |  0.271  |  0.285  |  0.155  |  0.217  |  1.304   |  1.518   |  0.208  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.634  |  0.235  |  0.232  |  0.074  |  0.218  |  0.232  |  0.126  |  0.177  |  1.065   |  1.241   |  0.170  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.193  |  0.068  |  0.064  |  0.019  |  0.053  |  0.053  |  0.029  |  0.040  |  0.239   |  0.277   |  0.038  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Particulate Matter <2.5µm (PM<sub>2.5</sub>)                                                                                                         |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.677  |  0.248  |  0.242  |  0.077  |  0.222  |  0.233  |  0.127  |  0.178  |  1.067   |  1.242   |  0.170  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.519  |  0.192  |  0.189  |  0.061  |  0.179  |  0.190  |  0.103  |  0.145  |  0.871   |  1.015   |  0.139  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.158  |  0.056  |  0.053  |  0.016  |  0.043  |  0.043  |  0.023  |  0.033  |  0.196   |  0.227   |  0.031  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Sulphur dioxide                                                                                                                                      |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  0.054  |  0.020  |  0.019  |  0.006  |  0.018  |  0.019  |  0.010  |  0.014  |  0.085   |  0.099   |  0.014  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.041  |  0.015  |  0.015  |  0.005  |  0.014  |  0.015  |  0.008  |  0.012  |  0.070   |  0.081   |  0.011  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.013  |  0.004  |  0.004  |  0.001  |  0.003  |  0.003  |  0.002  |  0.003  |  0.016   |  0.018   |  0.002  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  | 
 +| Total suspended particles (TSP)                                                                                                                      |||||||||||| 
 +^ current submission                              |  1.278  |  0.469  |  0.457  |  0.145  |  0.420  |  0.440  |  0.239  |  0.336  |  2.015   |  2.345   |  0.321  | 
 +^ previous submission                             |  0.980  |  0.363  |  0.358  |  0.115  |  0.338  |  0.359  |  0.195  |  0.274  |  1.646   |  1.917   |  0.262  | 
 +^ absolute change                                 |  0.298  |  0.106  |  0.100  |  0.030  |  0.082  |  0.082  |  0.044  |  0.062  |  0.370   |  0.428   |  0.058  | 
 +^ relative change                                 |  30.5%  |  29.1%  |  27.8%  |  26.3%  |  24.2%  |  22.8%  |  22.7%  |  22.6%  |  22.5%   |  22.3%   |  22.2%  |
  
-The product MB×Cf is set to 336 t dm ha-1 according to Table 2.6 and formula 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b): 2013 Supplement to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html)), i.e. it is assumed that the moor was completely drained during the fire. 
  
-For the calculation of CO emissions the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)<sup>-1</sup>, is taken into account. This results in 85 kt CO. For other emissions from land fires on drained organic soils no Tier-1 emission factors exist and are therefore not reported (NO).