meta data for this page
  •  

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
sector:waste:open_burning:start [2021/04/27 14:43] – more references kludtsector:waste:open_burning:start [2024/11/06 13:50] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
Line 1: Line 1:
 ====== 5.C.2 - Open Burning of Waste ====== ====== 5.C.2 - Open Burning of Waste ======
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                ||||^  AD                                ||||^  EF                                  ||||| +^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                           ||||^  EF                                 ||||| 
-| 5.C.2        |  CS                                    |||||  Q                                |||||  D, CS                                  ||||| +| 5.C.2          |  CS                                                                               |||||  Q                                            |||||  D, CS                              ||||| 
-^  Key Category  ^  SO₂     ^  NOₓ  ^  NH₃  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO   ^  BC   ^  Pb   ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM₁₀  ^  PM₂ ₅  ^ +^                ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  Pb   ^  Cd     ^  Hg  ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ 
-| 5.C.2           |  -/-        |  -/-  |  -    |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -    |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -    |  -/-  |  L/-   |  L/-    |+| Key Category:  |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -               |  -/T               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -   |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -    |
  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
 \\ \\
-Within NFR sub-category 5.C.2 - Open Burning of Waste, the German emissions inventory provides emissions from registered bonfires and other wooden materials burnt outdoors. Emissions from bonfires are key source for PM2.5 and PM10, but in principle of minor priority due to discontinuous appearance.+Within NFR sub-category 5.C.2 - Open Burning of Waste, the German emissions inventory provides emissions from registered bonfires and other wooden materials burnt outdoors. Emissions from bonfires are key source for PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, but in principle of minor priority due to discontinuous appearance.
  
-Please see chapter regarding farming/plantation waste: https://thg.thuenen.de/iir-de/sector/agriculture/field_burning/start - this is banned by law in Germany. So there is no gap of reporting.+Please see chapter regarding farming/plantation waste: [[sector:agriculture:field_burning:start|3.F - Field burning of agricultural residues]] - this is banned by law in Germany. So there is no gap of reporting.
  
-Emissions from open burning of wood and green waste for traditional purposes, so-called bonfires such as Easter fires, are reported model-based. In addition to biogenic carbon dioxide, emissions of NOx, SO2, CO, NMVOC, particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are covered so far.+Emissions from open burning of wood and green waste for traditional purposes, so-called bonfires such as Easter fires, are reported model-based. In addition to biogenic carbon dioxide, emissions of NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NMVOC, particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub> and TSP), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Heavy Metals are covered so far.
 \\ \\
  
 =====Method===== =====Method=====
  
-For developing of a estimation frame a survey regarding the number of such bonfires was carried out by an expert work ((Wagner & Steinmetzer, 2018: Jörg Wagner, Sonja Steinmetzer, INTECUS GmbH Abfallwirtschaft und umweltintegratives Management: Erhebung der Größen und Zusammensetzung von Brauchtums- und Lagerfeuern durch kommunale Befragungen; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2018-02-19_texte_11-2018_lager-brauchtumsfeuer.pdf; UBA-Texte 11/2018)). As the result, questionnaires from municipalities and statistical projections for Germany for the year 2016 were checked. The project has shown a declining trend since 1990. On the basis of expert judgement, a further reduction of emissions in the future is expected.+For developing of a estimation frame a survey regarding the number of such bonfires was carried out by an expert work [(Wagner & Steinmetzer, 2018: Jörg Wagner, Sonja Steinmetzer, INTECUS GmbH Abfallwirtschaft und umweltintegratives Management: Erhebung der Größen und Zusammensetzung von Brauchtums- und Lagerfeuern durch kommunale Befragungen; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2018-02-19_texte_11-2018_lager-brauchtumsfeuer.pdf; UBA-Texte 11/2018)]. As the result, questionnaires from municipalities and statistical projections for Germany for the year 2016 were checked. The project has shown a declining trend since 1990. On the basis of expert judgement, a further reduction of emissions in the future is expected.
  
 As discussed on Review 2020 regarding all relevant sources: A comparison shows that the volume of bonfires is significantly higher than the volume of campfires. In terms of number, however, the two types of fires are similar. Due to the large fluctuations of the minimum/maximum values, the median was proposed in study. As discussed on Review 2020 regarding all relevant sources: A comparison shows that the volume of bonfires is significantly higher than the volume of campfires. In terms of number, however, the two types of fires are similar. Due to the large fluctuations of the minimum/maximum values, the median was proposed in study.
Line 22: Line 22:
 ====Activity data==== ====Activity data====
  
-Activity data for this category are based on data from a step by step calculation: After the evaluation of the questionaires an extrapolation of the volume and the number of bonfires was made for Germany. The median values of clusters of city-sizes were used for the calculation, resulting in the following values ((Wagner & Steinmetzer, 2018: Jörg Wagner, Sonja Steinmetzer, INTECUS GmbH Abfallwirtschaft und umweltintegratives Management: Erhebung der Größen und Zusammensetzung von Brauchtums- und Lagerfeuern durch kommunale Befragungen; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2018-02-19_texte_11-2018_lager-brauchtumsfeuer.pdf; UBA-Texte 11/2018)): +Activity data for this category are based on data from a step by step calculation: After the evaluation of the questionaires an extrapolation of the volume and the number of bonfires was made for Germany. For the years since 2019, it became visible that, in addition to the model-based continuous decrease in activities, special aspects must be taken into account: Because of the restrictions on public activities during the pandemic, modeling of less traditional events was searched for.  
-^ fire                        ^ resulting number  ^ resulting quantity in kt of wooden wastes  ^ + 
-| easter fires et.            | 54                | 343.3                                      | +Two types of fires were already classified in the expert project: camp fires in the more private sector and, most importantly, Easter Fires in the more public sector. The calculations are now considered separately and the camp fires are modeled with a continued steady decline.  
-| other open burning of wood  | 49                | 59.3                                       |+ 
 +Here, Easter fires follow an approach about general percentage decreases and additionally in 2019 five percentage points decrease corresponding to various cancels due to forest fire risk. In 2020, an additional 70 percent decrease was modeled due to cancellations for pandemic response (no complete cancellation in Germany because there were exceptions and follow-up events). 
 +The following values are the result of evaluation: 
 + 
 +__Table 1: Total annual mass of bonfires, in metric tonnes [t]__ 
 +^  1990    ^  1995    ^  2000    ^  2005    ^  2010    ^  2015    ^  2020    ^  2021    ^ 
 +|  431,394 |  414,276 |  397,157 |  380,038 |  362,919 |  345,800 |  135,170 | 134.297  |
  
 ====Emission factors==== ====Emission factors====
  
-As discussed on Review 2020 regarding EF used and referenced: We use different EF from different references instead the EF of Table 3-1 Tier 1 emission factors for source category 5.C.2 Small-scale waste burning, because the Tier 1 EF seem not suitable for the burning of wooden wastes. We consider both fresh wood (garden and park waste) and dry wood (without coatings etc.). We have tried to find relevant parallels, especially because of the burning of fresh wood with regard to forest fires.+As discussed on Review 2020 regarding EF used and referenced: We use different EF from different references instead the EF of Table 3-1 Tier 1 emission factors for source category 5.C.2 Small-scale waste burning, because the Tier 1 EF seem not suitable for the burning of wooden wastes. We consider both fresh wood (garden and park waste) and dry wood (without coatings etc.). We have tried to find relevant parallels, especially because of the burning of fresh wood with regard to forest fires. But regarding the EF from GB 2019 we will evaluate the use as shown in the following table:
  
-Emission factors used were taken from different sources: +^                   ^  value  ^  unit   ^ Current reference                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^ Planned improvement                                    ^ 
-^ pollutant  ^ figure      ^ reference                                                                                                   ^ +^ CO                |  58.0   |  kg/ t  | GB 2016 small combustion Table 3-6: Tier 1 emission factors for NFR source category 1.A.4.b, using biomass                                                                                                                                                                       | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 48.8 kg/ t    | 
-| CO         | 58.0        | GB 2016 small combustion Table 3-6: Tier 1 emission factors for NFR source category 1.A.4.b, using biomass  | +^ NO<sub>x</sub>    |  0.9    |  kg/ t  | Research results from literature: wood burning as it was documented in Ireland's IIR                                                                                                                                                                                             | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 1.38 kg/ t    | 
-| NOx        | 0.9         | Research results from literature: wood burning as it was documented in Ireland's IIR                                                                               | +^ SO<sub>2</sub>    |  0.2    |  kg/ t  | Research results from literature: wood burning as it was documented in Ireland's IIR                                                                                                                                                                                             | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 0.03 kg/ t    | 
-| SO2        | 0.2         | Research results from literature: wood burning as it was documented in Ireland's IIR                                                                              | +^ NMVOC             |  47.0   |  kg/ t  | not correct used, error in data handling                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 1.47 kg/ t    | 
-| NMVOC      | 47.0        | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                    | +^ TSP               |  17.0   |  kg/ t  | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 4.31          | 
-| TSP        | 17.0        | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                    | +^ PM<sub>10</sub>   |  11.0   |  kg/ t  | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 4.13 kg/ t    | 
-| PM10       | 11.0        | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                    | +^ PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  9.0    |  kg/ t  | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 3.76 kg/ t    | 
-| PM2.5      | 9.0         | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                    | +^ BC                |  0.81   |  kg/ t  | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | to use EF from GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2: 28% of PM2.5  | 
-| BC         | 0.81        | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-1, according 'wood burned'                                                    | +^ PCDD/F            |  10.0   |  µg/ t  | GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | No further                                             | 
-| PCDD/F     | 10.0 µg/ t  | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-2                                                                             | +^ PAH               |  3.39   |  g/ t   | sum of single compounts                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | No further                                             | 
-| PAH        | 0.00339     | sum of single compounts                                                                                     | +^ B[a]P             |  1.3    |  g/ t   | IIR Ireland  [(FurtherProject>(EF is referenced to a former research project called 'Use of charcoal, tobacco etc.'. This was a literature research, which is only available via UBA library in German. The EF is relating wood burning as it was documented in Ireland's IIR)]  | No further (GB with dry matter problem)                | 
-| BaP        | 0.0013      | Research results for charcoal                                                                               | +^ B[b]F             |  1.5    |  g/ t   | IIR Ireland  [(FurtherProject)]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | No further (GB with dry matter problem)                | 
-| BbF        | 0.0015      | Research results for charcoal                                                                               | +^ B[k]F             |  0.5    |  g/ t   | IIR Ireland  [(FurtherProject)]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  | No further (GB with dry matter problem)                | 
-| BkF        | 0.0005      | Research results for charcoal                                                                               | +^ I[...]P           |  0.09   |  g/ t   | IIR Ireland [(FurtherProject)]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | No further, Gap in GB                                  | 
-| IxP        | 0.00009     | Research results for charcoal                                                                               | +^ Pb                |  0.32   |  g/ t   | GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | No further                                             | 
-| Pb         | 0.32 g/ t   | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-2   ((Used EF for forest fires are provided in “g/kg wood burned” unit. Wether the EF is regarding living (fresh) wood or for a likely dry forest is unknown.))                                                                          | +^ Cd                |  0.13   |  g/ t   | GB 2019 5.C.2, table 3-2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | No further                                             |
-| Cd         | 0.13 g/ t   | GB 2016 Forest fires, table 3-2  ((Used EF for forest fires are provided in “g/kg wood burned” unit. Wether the EF is regarding living (fresh) wood or for a likely dry forest is unknown.))                                                                           |+
  
 \\ \\
 ===== Trends in emissions ===== ===== Trends in emissions =====
  
-All trends in emissions correspond to trends of AD. No rising trends are to identify. In 2019, there were many bans on open fires due to increased forest fire danger.+All trends in emissions correspond to trends of AD. No rising trends are to identify. 
 [{{:sector:waste:em_5c_bon_since_1990.png|**Emission trends of bonfires**}}] [{{:sector:waste:em_5c_bon_since_1990.png|**Emission trends of bonfires**}}]
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
- 
-With **activity data** and **emission factors** remaining unrevised, no recalculations have been carried out compared to last year's submission. 
  
 <WRAP center round info 60%> <WRAP center round info 60%>
-For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].+With **activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised**, no recalculations were carried out compared to Submission 2022.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 +