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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2021/01/15 09:45] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2021/01/26 13:11] – [Trend discussion for Key Sources] juhrich | ||
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- | === Short description | + | ====== 1.A.1.a - Public Electricity And Heat Production |
- | {{ : | + | ===== Short description ===== |
Source category //1.A.1.a - Public Electricity and Heat Production// | Source category //1.A.1.a - Public Electricity and Heat Production// | ||
- | ^ NFR-Code | + | ^ Method |
- | | **1.A.1.a** | + | | T2 | NS | CS | **L&T:** NO<sub>x</ |
- | === Method === | + | {{page> |
- | A method amounting to Tier 2 is used for emission reporting. This means the use of country-specific data at a more detailed level. Emission factors and activity data are available for different fuel types, different technologies, | + | \\ |
- | ++ Activity data | + | {{: |
- | __Conventional fuels__ | + | ===== Methodology ===== |
- | The key source of all conventional fuels is the National Energy Balance (NEB) [((bibcite 1))]. The fuel input for electricity production is given in line 11 (" | + | |
- | Above-mentioned | + | A method amounting to Tier 2 is used for emission reporting. This means the use of country-specific data at a more detailed level. Emission factors and activity |
- | All the data result in the calculation model " | + | === Activity |
+ | == Conventional fuels == | ||
+ | The key source | ||
- | When the calculations for submission 2020 were done, the Energy Balance 2018 was not yet available. Insofar, | + | Above-mentioned data provided by the NEB are summarised fuel consumption data. To get technical details which are needed |
- | For waste incineration plants, both energy and waste statistics | + | All the data result in the calculation model " |
- | __Biomass__ | + | When the calculations |
- | The database | + | |
- | __Waste__ | + | For waste incineration plants, both energy and waste statistics |
- | Activity data from waste incineration plants | + | |
- | Waste quantities are available at a very detailed level for different economic sectors. Municipal | + | == Biomass == |
+ | The database | ||
+ | == Waste == | ||
+ | Activity data from waste incineration plants are given by the waste statistics of the Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 19, Reihe 1 [(DESTATIS, 2017: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 19, Reihe 1: Abfallentsorgung - URL: http:// | ||
- | ++ Emission factors | + | Waste quantities are available at a very detailed level for different economic sectors. Municipal and industrial waste were classified in keeping with the Ordinance on the European Waste Catalogue (AVV), with industrial waste including all waste with waste-classification numbers beginning with the numbers 01 through 19. |
- | __Large | + | === Emission factors === |
- | The underlying data for the emission factors used is provided by the report on the research project " | + | == Large and medium combustion |
- | The values for the intermediate years 1996-1999 and 2001-2008 are obtained via linear interpolation. | + | The underlying data for the emission factors used is provided by the report on the research project " |
+ | The values for the intermediate years 1996-1999 and 2001-2008 are obtained via linear interpolation. | ||
- | That project, along with the linear interpolation for the intermediate years, has also provided the underlying data for the source categories 1.A.1.b, 1.A.1.c and 1.A.2.f i, where the factors include power plants, gas turbines or boilers for production of steam and hot/ warm water. The research project was carried out by the Franco-German Institute for Environmental research (Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung - DFIU) at the University of Karlsruhe and was completed in late 2002. The project' | + | That project, along with the linear interpolation for the intermediate years, has also provided the underlying data for the source categories 1.A.1.b, 1.A.1.c and 1.A.2.f i, where the factors include power plants, gas turbines or boilers for production of steam and hot/ warm water. The research project was carried out by the Franco-German Institute for Environmental research (Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung - DFIU) at the University of Karlsruhe and was completed in late 2002. The project' |
- | As part of another research project, completed in February 2007, for updating the National Programme in the framework of directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants ("NEC Directive" | + | As part of another research project, completed in February 2007, for updating the National Programme in the framework of directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants ("NEC Directive" |
- | In 2018 and 2019 SO,,2,,, NO,,X,,, TSP, PM, CO, NH,,3,, and Hg emission factors were revised for all large combustion plants. [((bibcite 7))]) For the reporting year 2016 a complete data set is available. In former times data were not complete. There was no reporting obligation of co-incineration plants. The large combustion data base was also the data basis of the research project (Fichtner et al. 2011) [((bibcite 5))] which was completed in 2011. Since the data set was not complete that time, in some cases a revision until 2004 was necessary. | + | In 2018 and 2019 SO<sub>2</ |
Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/ | Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/ | ||
HCB emission factors of hard coal and black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the CORINAIR Guidebook 2016. | HCB emission factors of hard coal and black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the CORINAIR Guidebook 2016. | ||
- | Regarding natural gas and light fuel oil SO,,2,, emission factors were calculated by using data on the sulfur content. In terms of natural gas sulfur content has been measured during a project. Data on all important regions is available. The sulfur of the odorization is also considered, which is a bit conservativ, | + | Regarding natural gas and light fuel oil SO<sub>2</ |
- | __Engines__ | + | == Engines == |
- | Emission factors for gas engines were determined by the project: " | + | Emission factors for gas engines were determined by the project: " |
Emission factors for liquid fuels are given by the project: " | Emission factors for liquid fuels are given by the project: " | ||
- | __Waste | + | == Waste incineration |
- | Data source for emission factors of waste incineration plants is the project: " | + | Data source for emission factors of waste incineration plants is the project: " |
The aim of the study was to determine emission factors for municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, waste wood and sewage sludge incineration. Emission factors for 25 pollutants are available. The different fuel categories are consistent with the waste statistic. The fuel category " | The aim of the study was to determine emission factors for municipal waste, industrial waste, hazardous waste, waste wood and sewage sludge incineration. Emission factors for 25 pollutants are available. The different fuel categories are consistent with the waste statistic. The fuel category " | ||
- | HCB emission factors of municipal waste are derived from a measurement project initiated by the industrial association. The 1990 value for waste incineration plants is an expert judgement derived from the development of legislative regulation. | + | HCB emission factors of municipal waste are derived from a measurement project initiated by the industrial association. The 1990 value for waste incineration plants is an expert judgement derived from the development of legislative regulation. |
- | Furthermore it was necessary to develop a method to calculate emissions from co-incineration systems. In Germany there is a large number of coal fired power plants, which also use a relevant amount of different waste fuels like sewage sludge, industrial waste (for example from paper industry), conditioned municipal waste etc. Since plant-specific data cannot be used, it's necessary to calculate emissions at a more aggregated level. Fuel data are availabel | + | Furthermore it was necessary to develop a method to calculate emissions from co-incineration systems. In Germany there is a large number of coal fired power plants, which also use a relevant amount of different waste fuels like sewage sludge, industrial waste (for example from paper industry), conditioned municipal waste etc. Since plant-specific data cannot be used, it's necessary to calculate emissions at a more aggregated level. Fuel data are available |
- | + | ||
- | __Table 1: Implied emission factors for public electricity and heat production__ | + | |
- | ||= **Pollutant** ||= **SO,,x,,** ||= **NO,,x,,** ||= **TSP** ||= **CO** ||= **Pb** ||= **Hg** ||= **Cd** || | + | |
- | ||= **Fuel** ||||||||= [kg/TJ] ||||||= [g/TJ] || | + | |
- | ||~ Hard Coal ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Lignite ||> 52.8 ||> 77.3 ||> 2.0 ||> 32.5 ||> 2.75 ||> 2.89 ||> 0.37 || | + | |
- | ||~ Natural gas ||> 0.1 ||> 36.5 ||> 0.3 ||> 9.8 ||= NA ||> 0.01 ||= NA || | + | |
- | ||~ Petroleum products ||> 53.3 ||> 112.4 ||> 4.2 ||> 24.8 ||> 3.33 ||> 0.63 ||> 0.11 || | + | |
- | ||~ Biomass (excluding Waste) ||> 55.6 ||> 174.2 ||> 4.3 ||> 150.3 ||> 4.6 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.11 || | + | |
- | ||~ Municipal Waste ||> 3.2 ||> 49 ||> 0.5 ||> 5.0 ||> 2.70 ||> 1.10 ||> 0.36 || | + | |
- | The table gives an overview of the implied | + | == Table 1: Implied |
- | PM,,10,, and PM,,2.5,, emission factors are calculated as a fraction of TSP. Regarding all solid fuels the share of PM,,10,, is 90 % and the share of PM,,2.5,, is 80 %. This is a simple but also conservative approach, knowing that, in reality, PM emissions depend on fuel, combustion and abatement technologies. In terms of natural gas and biogas PM10 and PM2.5 fractions are considered as 100 % of TSP. Regarding wood a share of 100% PM10 and 90% PM2.5 is used. For liquid fuels the default share of 100% PM10 and PM2.5 is used. In the cases of co-incineration, | + | ^ Pollutant |
+ | ^ Fuel | ||
+ | ^ Hard Coal | 41.1 | 56.7 | 1.5 | 6.7 | 3.64 | 1.04 | 0.5 | | ||
+ | ^ Lignite | ||
+ | ^ Natural gas | 0.1 | 37.3 | 0.3 | 10.4 | NA | 0.01 | NA | | ||
+ | ^ Petroleum products | ||
+ | ^ Biomass (excluding Waste) | ||
+ | ^ Municipal Waste | 3.2 | 49 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.70 | 1.10 | 0.36 | | ||
- | + __Trend discussion | + | The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available |
+ | PM< | ||
+ | ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== | ||
The following diagrams give an overview and assistance for explaining dominant emission trends of selected pollutants. | The following diagrams give an overview and assistance for explaining dominant emission trends of selected pollutants. | ||
- | ++ Fuel Consumption | + | === Fuel Consumption === |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{:sector: |
- | : 1A1a_AR_fossil.PNG | + | {{:sector: |
- | : 1A1a_AR_waste.PNG | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies. | The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies. | ||
- | ++ Sulfur Oxides - SO,,x,, | + | === Sulfur Oxides - SOx === |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{:sector: |
- | : 1A1a_EM_SOx.PNG | + | {{: |
- | : 1A1a_EM_SOx_2000.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | SO,,x,, emission trend shows the big dominance of lignite due to high Sulphur content of lignite fuels. However SO,, | + | |
- | ++ Nitrogen Oxides - NO,,x,, | + | SO< |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_NOx.PNG | + | |
- | [[/gallery]] | + | |
- | Nitrogen | + | === Nitrogen |
+ | {{: | ||
- | ++ Particulate Matter - PM,,2.5,, & PM,,10,, & TSP | + | Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NO< |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_PM2.5.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_PM10.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_TSP.png | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_TSP_2000.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | Similar to SO,,x,, emissions, | + | === Particulate Matter |
+ | {{: | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | {{: | ||
- | ++ Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd | + | Similar to SO< |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_Pb.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_Hg.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_Cd.PNG | + | |
- | [[/gallery]] | + | |
- | Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining | + | === Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd === |
+ | {{: | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | {{: | ||
- | ++ Persistent Organic Pollutants | + | Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A1a_EM_PCDDF.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | Main driver | + | |
- | + __Recalculations__ | + | === Persistent Organic Pollutants === |
+ | {{: | ||
- | Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2017) | + | Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions |
- | > For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2017**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[[recalculations | 8.1 - Recalculations]]]. | + | ===== Recalculations |
- | + __Planned improvements__ | + | Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. Further recalculation from 2004 - 2017 result on the revision of CO and NH3 emission factors for large combustion plants. A complete Revision of biomass data from 2003 - 2017 leds to recalculations of all pollutants. |
- | There is a running project | + | <WRAP center round info 60%> |
+ | For pollutant-specific information | ||
+ | </ | ||
- | New POPs emission factors are available for waste incineration plants for 2015. Before the implementation of these values, a trend discussion with the experts is necessary. | ||
- | The new PCB emission factors cannot be used at the moment since it would destroy the current inventory structure. Key source analyses wouldn' | ||
- | ------ | + | ===== Planned improvements ===== |
+ | |||
+ | There is a running project on POPs and heavy-metal measurements for large combustion plants in order to get a better understanding of these " | ||
- | [[bibliography]] | + | New POPs emission factors are available for waste incineration plants |
- | : 1 : AGEB, 2019: National energy balance and Satellite balance | + | The new PCB emission factors cannot be used at the moment since it would destroy the current inventory structure. Key source analyses wouldn' |
- | : 2 : DESTATIS, 2017: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 19, Reihe 1: Abfallentsorgung - URL: http://www.destatis.de/ | + | |
- | : 3 : Rentz et al., 2002: Rentz, O. ; Karl, U. ; Peter, H.: Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungsanlagen | + | |
- | : 4 : IZT, 2009: Stationary engines: FKZ 3707 42 103/01 " | + | |
- | : 5 : Fichtner et al., 2011: W. Fichtner, U. Karl, R. Hartel, D. Balussou: Large and medium combustion plants, including gasturbines: | + | |
- | : 6 : ATZ, 2010: Waste incineration: | + | |
- | : 7 : UBA 2019: Kristina Juhrich, Rolf Beckers: " | + | |
- | [[/ | + |