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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2021/01/15 12:01] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2021/02/22 10:05] – [Short description] gniffke | ||
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====== 1.A.1.a - Public Electricity And Heat Production | ====== 1.A.1.a - Public Electricity And Heat Production | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
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Source category //1.A.1.a - Public Electricity and Heat Production// | Source category //1.A.1.a - Public Electricity and Heat Production// | ||
- | ^ Method | + | ^ Method |
- | | T2 | NS | CS | **L&T:** NO< | + | | T2 | NS | CS | |
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Category Code | ||
+ | ^ 1.A.1.a | ||
{{page> | {{page> | ||
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+ | \\ | ||
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+ | {{: | ||
===== Methodology ===== | ===== Methodology ===== | ||
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All the data result in the calculation model " | All the data result in the calculation model " | ||
- | When the calculations for submission | + | When the calculations for submission |
For waste incineration plants, both energy and waste statistics are used to ensure completeness and to avoid double counting. | For waste incineration plants, both energy and waste statistics are used to ensure completeness and to avoid double counting. | ||
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The values for the intermediate years 1996-1999 and 2001-2008 are obtained via linear interpolation. | The values for the intermediate years 1996-1999 and 2001-2008 are obtained via linear interpolation. | ||
- | That project, along with the linear interpolation for the intermediate years, has also provided the underlying data for the source categories 1.A.1.b, 1.A.1.c and 1.A.2.f i, where the factors include power plants, gas turbines or boilers for production of steam and hot/ warm water. The research project was carried out by the Franco-German Institute for Environmental research (Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung - DFIU) at the University of Karlsruhe and was completed in late 2002. The project' | + | That project, along with the linear interpolation for the intermediate years, has also provided the underlying data for the source categories 1.A.1.b, 1.A.1.c and 1.A.2.f i, where the factors include power plants, gas turbines or boilers for production of steam and hot/ warm water. The research project was carried out by the Franco-German Institute for Environmental research (Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung - DFIU) at the University of Karlsruhe and was completed in late 2002. The project' |
- | As part of another research project, completed in February 2007, for updating the National Programme in the framework of directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants ("NEC Directive" | + | As part of another research project, completed in February 2007, for updating the National Programme in the framework of directive 2001/81/EC on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants ("NEC Directive" |
- | In 2018 and 2019 SO2, NOX, TSP, PM, CO, NH3 and Hg emission factors were revised for all large combustion plants. [(UBA 2019: Kristina Juhrich, Rolf Beckers: " | + | In 2018 and 2019 SO< |
Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/ | Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/ | ||
HCB emission factors of hard coal and black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the CORINAIR Guidebook 2016. | HCB emission factors of hard coal and black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the CORINAIR Guidebook 2016. | ||
- | Regarding natural gas and light fuel oil SO2 emission factors were calculated by using data on the sulfur content. In terms of natural gas sulfur content has been measured during a project. Data on all important regions is available. The sulfur of the odorization is also considered, which is a bit conservativ, | + | Regarding natural gas and light fuel oil SO< |
== Engines == | == Engines == | ||
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^ Pollutant | ^ Pollutant | ||
^ Fuel | ^ Fuel | ||
- | ^ Hard Coal | | + | ^ Hard Coal | |
- | ^ Lignite | + | ^ Lignite |
- | ^ Natural gas | 0.1 | 36.5 | 0.3 | 9.8 | NA | 0.01 | NA | | + | ^ Natural gas | 0.1 | 37.3 | 0.3 | 10.4 | NA | 0.01 | NA | |
- | ^ Petroleum products | + | ^ Petroleum products |
- | ^ Biomass (excluding Waste) | + | ^ Biomass (excluding Waste) |
^ Municipal Waste | 3.2 | 49 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.70 | 1.10 | 0.36 | | ^ Municipal Waste | 3.2 | 49 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.70 | 1.10 | 0.36 | | ||
The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude. | The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude. | ||
- | PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors are calculated as a fraction of TSP. Regarding all solid fuels the share of PM10 is 90 % and the share of PM2.5 is 80 %. This is a simple but also conservative approach, knowing that, in reality, PM emissions depend on fuel, combustion and abatement technologies. In terms of natural gas and biogas | + | PM< |
===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== | ===== Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== | ||
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=== Fuel Consumption === | === Fuel Consumption === | ||
- | (missing graphics 1) | + | {{: |
- | (missing graphics 2) | + | {{: |
The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies. | The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies. | ||
=== Sulfur Oxides - SOx === | === Sulfur Oxides - SOx === | ||
- | SOx emission trend shows the big dominance of lignite due to high Sulphur content of lignite fuels. However | + | {{: |
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | SO< | ||
=== Nitrogen Oxides - NOx === | === Nitrogen Oxides - NOx === | ||
- | Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NOx emission reduction measurements in the New German Länder. After 2002 the increasing consumption of natural gas biogas, wood and other biomass in the public sector gain influence and increases | + | {{: |
+ | |||
+ | Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NO< | ||
=== Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP === | === Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP === | ||
- | (missing graphics | + | {{: |
- | (missing graphics 2) | + | {{: |
- | (missing graphics 3) | + | {{: |
- | (missing graphics 4) | + | {{: |
- | Similar to SOx emissions, Particulate Matter emissions decreases considerably since 1990 due to stricter regulations in eastern Germany. After 2002 PM10 and PM2.5 emission trends were influenced by the increasing use of biomass for public electricity and heat production. TSP and PM emissions from coal fired plants show a decreasing trend from 2005 onwards due to improvements of abatement systems. | + | |
+ | Similar to SO< | ||
=== Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd === | === Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd === | ||
- | (missing graphics | + | {{: |
- | (missing graphics 2) | + | {{: |
- | (missing graphics 3) | + | {{: |
Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining emissions are on the one hand the decreasing lignite consumption and on the other hand the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. Due to the fact, that heavy metal emission factors for waste incineration plants are constant, emission trends solely depend on coal consumption. In reality emission trends of all heavy metals would be more influenced by the emissions from waste fuels, since the emission factors for waste incineration plants in 1990 are expected to be high. In recent years emissions from Biomass combustion gain more and more influence on the trend. | Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining emissions are on the one hand the decreasing lignite consumption and on the other hand the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. Due to the fact, that heavy metal emission factors for waste incineration plants are constant, emission trends solely depend on coal consumption. In reality emission trends of all heavy metals would be more influenced by the emissions from waste fuels, since the emission factors for waste incineration plants in 1990 are expected to be high. In recent years emissions from Biomass combustion gain more and more influence on the trend. | ||
=== Persistent Organic Pollutants === | === Persistent Organic Pollutants === | ||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions due to stricter regulations in Germany. In recent years emissions remain stable at a very low level. | Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions due to stricter regulations in Germany. In recent years emissions remain stable at a very low level. | ||
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Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. Further recalculation from 2004 - 2017 result on the revision of CO and NH3 emission factors for large combustion plants. A complete Revision of biomass data from 2003 - 2017 leds to recalculations of all pollutants. | Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. Further recalculation from 2004 - 2017 result on the revision of CO and NH3 emission factors for large combustion plants. A complete Revision of biomass data from 2003 - 2017 leds to recalculations of all pollutants. | ||
- | <WRAP info> For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general: | + | < |
+ | For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general: | ||
+ | </ | ||
===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== |