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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:mobile_small_combustion:agriculture_and_forestry [2021/03/24 15:25] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:mobile_small_combustion:agriculture_and_forestry [2021/04/15 07:52] – [Unregulated pollutants (Ammonia, HMs, POPs, ...)] kotzulla | ||
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- | ^ | + | ^ |
- | | 1.A.4.c ii | + | | 1.A.4.c ii |
- | | including mobile sources sub-categories | + | | including mobile sources sub-categories |
- | | 1.A.4.c ii (a) | + | | 1.A.4.c ii (a) |
- | | 1.A.4.c ii (b) | [[sector: | + | | 1.A.4.c ii (b) |
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====Activity data==== | ====Activity data==== | ||
- | Sector-specific consumption data is included in the primary fuel-delivery data are available from NEB line 67: ' | + | Sector-specific consumption data is included in the primary fuel-delivery data are available from NEB line 67: ' |
{{ : | {{ : | ||
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|| as of 1995 || **AGEB** - National Energy Balance, line 67: ' | || as of 1995 || **AGEB** - National Energy Balance, line 67: ' | ||
- | Following the deduction of energy inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, | + | Following the deduction of energy inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, |
To provide more specific information on mobile sources in agriculture and forestry, the inventory compiler further devides NFR sector 1.A.4.c ii into **1.A.4.c ii (i) - NRMM in agriculture** in and **1.A.4.c ii (ii) - NRMM in forestry**. | To provide more specific information on mobile sources in agriculture and forestry, the inventory compiler further devides NFR sector 1.A.4.c ii into **1.A.4.c ii (i) - NRMM in agriculture** in and **1.A.4.c ii (ii) - NRMM in forestry**. | ||
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^ Gasoline fuels < | ^ Gasoline fuels < | ||
| **1.A.4.c ii (ii)** | | **1.A.4.c ii (ii)** | ||
- | source: own estimations based on Knörr et al. (2019b) [((bibcite 3))] | + | source: own estimations based on Knörr et al. (2020b) [(KNOERR2020b)] |
< | < | ||
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^ Biogasoline | ^ Biogasoline | ||
| **Ʃ 1.A.4.c ii** ^ 59.051 | | **Ʃ 1.A.4.c ii** ^ 59.051 | ||
- | + | ||
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
- | : 1A4cii_AD.png | + | {{ :sector: |
- | : 1A4cii_AD_bio.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
==== Emission factors ==== | ==== Emission factors ==== | ||
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The emission factors applied here are of rather different quality: | The emission factors applied here are of rather different quality: | ||
- | Basically, for all **main pollutants**, | + | Basically, for all **main pollutants**, |
> For Information on the country-specific implied emission factors applied to mobile machinery in agriculture and forestry, please refer to the respective sub-chapters linked above. | > For Information on the country-specific implied emission factors applied to mobile machinery in agriculture and forestry, please refer to the respective sub-chapters linked above. | ||
- | > For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | + | > For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, |
- | [!-- | + | ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== |
- | Regarding heavy metal and POP emissions, with no country-specific values at hand, tier1 EF have been derived from tier1 defaults provided in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019 (EMEP/EEA, 2016) [((bibcite 4))]. | + | __Table: Outcome of Key Catgegory Analysis__ |
+ | | for: ^ NO< | ||
+ | | by: | Level | ||
- | In contrast, without country-specific information, | + | > |
- | //(Note: Until submission 2017, the EMEP/EEA default EFs provided for NRMM were used in the German inventory. As these EFs do not differentiate between fuel combustion and lubricant co-incineration, the inventory compiler decided to apply the more specific EFs from road transport to NRMM in 1.A.2.g vii, 1.A.4.a ii, b ii and c ii as well as 1.A.5.b, too.)// | + | |
- | The tier1 value applied for **PCDD/F** has been derived from a study carried out by (Rentz et al., 2008) [((bibcite 5))] for the German Federal Environment Agency. | + | ==== Unregulated pollutants |
- | __Table 4: Tier1 emission | + | For all unregulated pollutants, |
- | ||= ||= **Pb** ||= **Cd** ||= **Hg** ||= **As** ||= **Cr** ||= **Cu** ||= **Ni** ||= **Se** ||= **Zn** ||= **B[a]P** ||= **B[b]F** ||= **B[k]F** ||= **I[...]P** ||= **PAH 1-4** ||= **PCDD/ | + | |
- | ||= ||||||||||||||||||= [g/ | + | |
- | ||~ Diesel oil ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Biodiesel ||> | + | |
- | ||~ 2-stroke mix^^1^^ ||> | + | |
- | ^^1^^ tier1 EFs for 2-stroke mix are estimated as 1/50 of the tier1 EF for co-incinerated lubricants + 49/50 of the corresponding EF for gasoline as provided | + | |
- | For **HCB** and **PCBs**, no emission factors are available at the moment. | + | {{ : |
- | Due to the separate reporting of mobile fuel combustion in agriculture and forestry as well as the differentiation into 2- and 4-stroke gasoline engines, a broad set of emission factors is applied here. For further information | + | In contrast |
- | --] | + | {{ : |
- | ===== Discussion of emission | + | Here, exemplary for cadmium, the extreme steps in emission |
- | > **NFR 1.A.4.c ii** is key source | + | (i) the annual amounts of gasoline fuels allocated to NFR 1.A.4.c ii depend on the amounts delivered to the military also covered in NEB line 67. (see superordinate chapter |
- | ++ Unregulated pollutants (NH,,3,,, HMs, POPs, ...) | + | {{ : |
- | {{ :sector: | + | __Table 4: Development of gasoline consumption in NFR 1.A.4.c ii, in terajoules__ |
+ | | ^ 2010 ^ 2011 ^ 2012 ^ 2013 ^ 2014 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ | ||
+ | ^ Gasoline | ||
+ | ^ Biogasoline | ||
- | For all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow | + | (ii) All gasoline fuels allocated to NFR 1.A.4.c ii are used in 2-stroke-engines in forestry equipment. As the 2-stroke fuel also includes lubricant oil, the fuel's heavy metal content is significantly higher than that of 4-stroke gasoline (or diesel fuels). |
+ | (see [[[appendix2-3-hm-from-mobile-sources | Appendix 2.3 ]]] for more information on the reporting of HM emissions.) | ||
- | ++ Regulated pollutants | + | __Table 5: Tier1 default emission factors applied to NRMM, in g/TJ__ |
+ | ^ ^ Pb ^ Cd ^ Hg ^ As ^ Cr ^ Cu | ||
+ | ^ Diesel oil | ||
+ | ^ Biodiesel< | ||
+ | ^ Gasoline fuels - 4-stroke | ||
+ | ^ Gasoline fuels - 2-stroke< | ||
+ | ^ LPG (1.A.4.a ii only) | NE ||||||||| | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | Hence, emission estimates reported for cadmium are significantly higher for years with higher gasoline use (in 2-stroke enignes). | ||
- | +++ Nitrogen oxides (NO,,x,,), Sulphur dioxide (SO,,2,,) | + | ==== Regulated pollutants ==== |
For all regulated pollutants, emission trends follow not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflect the impact of fuel-quality and exhaust-emission legislation. | For all regulated pollutants, emission trends follow not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflect the impact of fuel-quality and exhaust-emission legislation. | ||
- | |||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
- | + | === Particulate matter | |
- | +++ Particulate matter | + | |
Over-all PM emissions are by far dominated by emissions from diesel oil combustion with the falling trend basically following the decline in fuel consumption between 2000 and 2005. | Over-all PM emissions are by far dominated by emissions from diesel oil combustion with the falling trend basically following the decline in fuel consumption between 2000 and 2005. | ||
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Additional contributors such as the impact of TSP emissions from the use of leaded gasoline (until 1997) have no significant effect onto over-all emission estimates. | Additional contributors such as the impact of TSP emissions from the use of leaded gasoline (until 1997) have no significant effect onto over-all emission estimates. | ||
- | |||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
- | |||
- | +++ Heavy-matel emissions: Cadmium | ||
- | |||
- | [[gallery size=" | ||
- | : 1A4cii_EM_Cd.PNG | ||
- | [[/ | ||
- | |||
- | As all other heavy-metal and POP emissions, emissions of cadmium for this NFR category are calculated | ||
- | |||
- | Here, the extreme steps in emission estimates result from two effects: | ||
- | |||
- | (i) the annual amounts of gasoline fuels allocated to NFR 1.A.4.c ii depend on the amounts delivered to the military also covered in NEB line 67. (see [[[1-a-4-mobile-combustion | superordinate chapter ]]] for further information). | ||
- | This approach results in strong declines in gasoline consumption after 2007 and 2011 followed by an increase after 2014. | ||
- | |||
- | [[gallery size=" | ||
- | : 1A4cii_AD_OK.png | ||
- | [[/ | ||
- | |||
- | __Table: Development of gasoline consumption in NFR 1.A.4.c ii, in terajoules__ | ||
- | || ||= **2010** ||= **2011** ||= **2012** ||= **2013** ||= **2014** ||= **2015** ||= **2016** ||= **2017** ||= **2018** ||= | ||
- | ||~ Gasoline ||> | ||
- | ||~ Biogasoline ||> | ||
- | |||
- | (ii) All gasoline fuels allocated to NFR 1.A.4.c ii are used in 2-stroke-engines in forestry equipment. As the 2-stroke fuel also includes lubricant oil, the fuel's heavy metal content is significantly higher than that of 4-stroke gasoline (or diesel fuels). | ||
- | (see [[[appendix2-3-hm-from-mobile-sources | Appendix 2.3 ]]] for more information on the reporting of HM emissions.) | ||
- | |||
- | __Table: Tier1 default emission factors applied to NRMM, in g/TJ__ | ||
- | ||= ||= **Pb** ||= **Cd** ||= **Hg** ||= **As** ||= **Cr** ||= **Cu** ||= **Ni** ||= **Se** ||= **Zn** ||= | ||
- | ||~ Diesel oil ||> | ||
- | ||~ Biodiesel^^1^^ ||> | ||
- | ||~ Gasoline fuels - 4-stroke ||> | ||
- | ||~ Gasoline fuels - 2-stroke^^2^^ ||> | ||
- | ||~ LPG (1.A.4.a ii only) ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||> | ||
- | ^^1^^ values differ from EFs applied for fossil diesel oil to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel | ||
- | ^^2^^ including the HM of 1:50 lube oil mixed to the gasoline | ||
- | |||
- | Hence, emission estimates reported for cadmium are significantly higher for years with higher gasoline use (in 2-stroke enignes). | ||
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Revisions in **activity data** result from slightly adapted NCVs and biofuel | + | Revisions in **activity data** result from revised percental |
- | __Table 6: Revised | + | __Table 6: Revised |
| | | | ||
| 1.A.4.c ii (i) - diesel fuels |||||||||||||| | | 1.A.4.c ii (i) - diesel fuels |||||||||||||| | ||
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^ relative change | ^ relative change | ||
- | __Table | + | __Table |
| | **1990** | | | **1990** | ||
| **Diesel fuels** | | **Diesel fuels** | ||
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^ absolute change | ^ absolute change | ||
^ relative change | ^ relative change | ||
- | |||
- | |||
As, in contrast, all **emission factors** remain unrevised compared to last year's susbmission, | As, in contrast, all **emission factors** remain unrevised compared to last year's susbmission, | ||
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For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general: | For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following [[general: | ||
</ | </ | ||
- | |||
===== Uncertainties ===== | ===== Uncertainties ===== | ||
- | Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: " | + | Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: " |
Uncertainty estimates for **emission factors** were compiled during the PAREST research project. Here, the final report has not yet been published. | Uncertainty estimates for **emission factors** were compiled during the PAREST research project. Here, the final report has not yet been published. | ||
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**//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | ||
- | The EF provided in [((bibcite 4))] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | + | The EF provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | ------ | + | |
- | [[bibliography]] | + | [(AGEB2020> |
- | : 1 : AGEB, 2019: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; | + | [(BAFA2020> |
- | : 2 : BAFA, 2019: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, | + | URL: https:// |
- | URL: https:// | + | [(KNOERR2020b> |
- | : 3 : Knörr et al. (2019b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2019, Heidelberg, | + | [(EMEPEEA2019> |
- | : 4 : EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019. | + | [(RENTZ2008> |
- | : 5 : Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, | + | [(KNOERR2009> |
- | : 6 : Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; | + | |
- | [[/ | + |