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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:mobile_small_combustion:commercial_and_institutional [2021/01/26 18:13] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:small_combustion:mobile_small_combustion:commercial_and_institutional [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
- | In //NFR 1.A.4.a ii - Commercial/ | + | In //NFR 1.A.4.a ii - Commercial/ |
- | + | ||
- | Within the German inventory, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ||~ Method ||~ AD ||~ EF ||~ Key Category Analysis|| | + | |
- | ||= T1, T2 ||= NS, M ||= CS, D, M ||= //no key category// || | + | |
+ | ^ Method | ||
+ | | T1, T2 | NS, M | CS, D, M | //no key category// | ||
===== Methodology ===== | ===== Methodology ===== | ||
==== Activity data ==== | ==== Activity data ==== | ||
- | Sector-specific **diesel** consumption data are included in the primary fuel-delivery data available from NEB line 67: ' | + | |
+ | Sector-specific **diesel** consumption data are included in the primary fuel-delivery data available from NEB line 67: ' | ||
__Table 1: Sources for primary fuel-deliveries data__ | __Table 1: Sources for primary fuel-deliveries data__ | ||
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|| as of 1995 || NEB line 67: ' | || as of 1995 || NEB line 67: ' | ||
- | Following the deduction of diesel oil inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, | + | Following the deduction of diesel oil inputs for military vehicles as provided in (BAFA, |
__Table 2: Annual contribution of NFR 1.A.4.a ii to the over-all amounts of diesel oil provided in NEB line 67__ | __Table 2: Annual contribution of NFR 1.A.4.a ii to the over-all amounts of diesel oil provided in NEB line 67__ | ||
- | || ||= **1990** ||= **1995** ||= **2000** ||= **2005** ||= **2006** ||= **2007** ||= **2008** ||= **2009** ||= **2010** ||= **2011** ||= **2012** ||= **2013** ||= **2014** ||= **2015** ||= **2016** ||= **2017** ||= **2018** ||= | + | | **1990** |
- | ||~ Diesel fuels ||> | + | | 7,01% | 6,65% | 6,99% | 7,18% | 6,52% | 6,36% | 6,21% | 5,96% | 5,82% | 5,73% | 5,83% | 5,78% | 5,68% | 5,59% | |
source: (Knörr et al. (2019b)) [((bibcite 3))] | source: (Knörr et al. (2019b)) [((bibcite 3))] | ||
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__Table 3: Annual fuel consumption, | __Table 3: Annual fuel consumption, | ||
- | || ||= **1990** ||= **1995** ||= **2000** ||= **2004** ||= **2005** ||= **2006** ||= **2007** ||= **2008** ||= **2009** ||= **2010** ||= **2011** ||= **2012** ||= **2013** ||= **2014** ||= **2015** ||= **2016** ||= **2017** ||= **2018** ||= | + | | |
- | ||~ Diesel Oil ||> 7,774 ||> 6,413 ||> 6,316 ||> 6,028 ||> 5,851 ||> 5,733 ||> 5,795 ||> 5,853 ||> 6,266 ||> 6,213 ||> | + | ^ Diesel Oil | 7.847 | 6.508 | 6.646 | |
- | ||~ Biodiesel ||> 0 ||> 0 ||> 0 ||> 52 ||> | + | ^ Biodiesel |
- | ||~ LPG ||> 2,787 ||> 3,450 ||> 4,261 ||> 4,778 ||> 4,894 ||> 5,007 ||> 5,117 ||> 5,224 ||> | + | ^ LPG |
- | || **Ʃ 1.A.4.a ii** ||~ 10,561 ||~ 9,863 ||~ 10,577 ||~ 10,858 ||~ 10,873 ||~ 10, | + | | **Ʃ 1.A.4.a ii** |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
- | : 1A4aii_AD.png | + | |
- | : 1A4aii_AD_bio.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
==== Emission factors ==== | ==== Emission factors ==== | ||
The emission factors used here are of rather different quality: | The emission factors used here are of rather different quality: | ||
- | Basically, for all **main pollutants**, | + | Basically, for all **main pollutants**, |
As no such specific EF are available for biofuels, the values used for diesel oil are applied to biodiesel, too. | As no such specific EF are available for biofuels, the values used for diesel oil are applied to biodiesel, too. | ||
__Table 4: Annual country-specific emission factors from TREMOD MM, in kg/TJ__ | __Table 4: Annual country-specific emission factors from TREMOD MM, in kg/TJ__ | ||
- | || ||= **1990** ||= **1995** ||= **2000** ||= **2005** ||= **2006** ||= **2007** ||= **2008** ||= **2009** ||= **2010** ||= **2011** ||= **2012** ||= **2013** ||= **2014** ||= **2015** ||= **2016** ||= **2017** ||= **2018** ||= | + | | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||< | + | | **Diesel fuels**<sup>1</ |
- | ||~ NH,,3,, ||> 0.15 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||> 0.17 ||= | + | ^ NH<sub>3</ |
- | ||~ NMVOC ||> 247 ||> 223 ||> 197 ||> | + | ^ NMVOC |
- | ||~ NO,,x,, ||> 999 ||> 1.026 ||> 1.004 ||> 835 ||> 796 ||> 756 ||> 716 ||> | + | ^ NO<sub>x</sub> | |
- | ||~ SO,,x,, ||> 79.6 ||> 60.5 ||> 14.0 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> 0.37 ||> | + | ^ SO<sub>x</ |
- | ||~ PM^^2^^ ||> 194 ||> 161 ||> 134 ||> 93.8 ||> 86.3 ||> 79.7 ||> | + | ^ BC<sup>3</sup> | |
- | ||~ BC^^3^^ ||> | + | ^ PM<sup>2</sup> | |
- | ||~ CO ||> 856 ||> 796 ||> 726 ||> | + | ^ CO | 856 | 796 | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||< | + | | **LPG** |
- | ||~ NH,,3,, ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.14 ||> | + | ^ NH<sub>3</sub> | |
- | ||~ NMVOC ||> | + | ^ NMVOC |
- | ||~ NO,,x,, ||> 1,346 ||> 1,342 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> 1,325 ||> | + | ^ NO<sub>x</ |
- | ||~ SO,,x,, | + | ^ SO<sub>x</ |
- | ||~ PM^^2^^ ||> 0.85 ||> 0.85 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> 0.84 ||> | + | ^ BC<sup>3</sup> | |
- | ||~ BC^^3^^ ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.13 ||> | + | ^ PM<sup>2</sup> | |
- | ||~ CO ||> 114 ||> 114 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> 112 ||> | + | ^ CO | 114 | 114 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 | |
- | source: (Knörr et al. (2018b)) [((bibcite 3))] | + | <sup>1</ |
- | ^^1^^ due to lack of better information: | + | <sup>2</ |
- | ^^2^^ EF(PM,,2.5,,) also applied for PM,,10,, and TSP (assumption: | + | <sup>3</ |
- | ^^3^^ estimated as fraction of PM according | + | |
- | > **NOTE: | + | <WRAP center round info 100%> |
+ | With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, | ||
+ | </WRAP> | ||
- | For lead (Pb) from leaded gasoline and corresponding TSP emissions, additional emissions are are calculated from 1990 to 1997 based upon contry-specific emission factors from [((bibcite 3))]. | + | <WRAP center round info 100%> |
- | + | For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | |
- | For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | + | </WRAP> |
- | + | ||
- | [!-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In contrast, without country-specific information, | + | |
- | //(Note: Until submission 2017, the EMEP/EEA default EFs provided for NRMM were used in the German inventory. As these EFs do not differentiate between fuel combustion and lubricant co-incineration, | + | |
- | + | ||
- | __Table 5: Tier1 emission factors | + | |
- | ||= ||= **Pb** ||= **Cd** ||= **Hg** ||= **As** ||= **Cr** ||= **Cu** ||= **Ni** ||= **Se** ||= **Zn** ||= **B[a]P** ||= **B[b]F** ||= **B[k]F** ||= **I[...]P** ||= **PAH 1-4** ||= **PCDD/F** ||= | + | |
- | ||= ||||||||||||||||||= [g/TJ] ||||||||||= [mg/ | + | |
- | ||~ Diesel oil ||> 0.012 ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Biodiesel ^^1^^ ||> | + | |
- | ||~ LPG ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||> | + | |
- | ^^1^^ values differ from EFs applied for fossil diesel oil to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The tier1 value apllied for **PCDD/F** has been derived from a study carried out by (Rentz et al., 2008) [((bibcite 5))] for the German Federal Environment Agency. | + | |
- | For **HCB** and **PCBs**, no emission factors are available at the moment. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | --] | + | |
===== Discussion of emission trends ===== | ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== | ||
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> **NFR 1.A.4.a ii** is no key source. | > **NFR 1.A.4.a ii** is no key source. | ||
- | ++ Unregulated pollutants | + | ==== Unregulated pollutants |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
- | : 1A4aii_EM_NH3.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A4aii_EM_Cd.PNG | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
For all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in fuel consumption. | For all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in fuel consumption. | ||
- | ++ Regulated pollutants | + | ==== Regulated pollutants |
- | +++ Nitrogen oxides | + | ===Nitrogen oxides |
For all regulated pollutants, emission trends follow not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflect the impact of fuel-quality and exhaust-emission legislation. | For all regulated pollutants, emission trends follow not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflect the impact of fuel-quality and exhaust-emission legislation. | ||
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
- | : 1A4aii_EM_NOx.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A4aii_EM_SOx.PNG | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | +++ Particulate matter | + | ====Particulate matter |
Over-all PM emissions are by far dominated by emissions from diesel oil combustion with the falling trend basically following the decline in fuel consumption between 2000 and 2005. | Over-all PM emissions are by far dominated by emissions from diesel oil combustion with the falling trend basically following the decline in fuel consumption between 2000 and 2005. | ||
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Additional contributors such as the impact of TSP emissions from the use of leaded gasoline (until 1997) have no significant effect onto over-all emission estimates. | Additional contributors such as the impact of TSP emissions from the use of leaded gasoline (until 1997) have no significant effect onto over-all emission estimates. | ||
- | Here, as the EF(BC) are estimated via fractions provided in [((bibcite 4))], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM,,2.5,,. | + | Here, as the EF(BC) are estimated via fractions provided in the 2019 EMEP Guidebook |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
- | : 1A4aii_EM_PM.PNG | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | **Activity data** hase been revised according to the finalized data from the National Energy Balance | + | **Activity data** hase been revised according to revised annual NEB line 67 shares and the finalized data from the National Energy Balance |
- | __Table | + | __Table |
- | ||= ||= **Diesel oil** ||= **Biodiesel** ||= **LPG** ||= **Ʃ** ||= | + | | |
- | ||~ Submission 2020 ||> | + | ^ Submission |
- | ||~ Submission 2019 ||> | + | ^ Submission |
- | ||~ absolute change ||> | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ||~ relative change ||> | + | ^ relative change |
- | source: own estimates based on [((bibcite 1))] and [((bibcite 3))] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | With all **emission factors** remaining unrevised, emission values have only been recalculated for 2017 as shown in the following table for the main pollutants. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | __Table 8: Recalculated emission estimates 2017, in kilotonnes__ | + | |
- | ||= ||= **NH,,3,,** ||= **NMVOC** ||= **NO,,x,,** ||= **PM** ||= **BC** ||= **CO** ||= | + | |
- | ||~ Submission | + | |
- | ||~ Submission | + | |
- | ||~ absolute change ||> 0.00001 ||> 0.002 ||> 0.02 ||> 0.002 ||> 0.001 ||> 0.014 ||> | + | |
- | ||~ relative change ||> 0.37% ||> 0.19% ||> 0.17% ||> 0.58% ||> 0.58% ||> 0.47% ||> | + | |
+ | __Table 6: Revised activity data, in terajoules__ | ||
+ | | | **1990** | ||
+ | | **Diesel Oil** |||||||||||||| | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2021 | 7.847 | 6.508 | 6.646 | 5.894 | 5.773 | 5.770 | 5.533 | 5.524 | 5.629 | 5.810 | 6.145 | 6.257 | 5.749 | | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2020 | 7.774 | 6.413 | 6.316 | 5.851 | 6.213 | 6.314 | 6.158 | 6.348 | 6.562 | 6.885 | 7.153 | 7.343 | 6.816 | | ||
+ | ^ absolute change | ||
+ | ^ relative change | ||
+ | | **Biodiesel** | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2021 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 377 | 443 | 403 | 390 | 328 | 346 | 318 | 326 | 334 | 334 | | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2020 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 128 | 403 | 414 | 402 | 368 | 398 | 372 | 376 | 389 | 372 | | ||
+ | ^ absolute change | ||
+ | ^ relative change | ||
+ | | **LPG** | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2021 | 2.787 | 3.450 | 4.261 | 4.533 | 4.629 | 4.557 | 4.484 | 4.409 | 4.333 | 4.256 | 4.336 | 4.301 | 4.264 | | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2020 | 2.787 | 3.450 | 4.261 | 4.894 | 5.431 | 5.441 | 5.449 | 5.456 | 5.462 | 5.467 | 5.471 | 5.474 | 5.477 | | ||
+ | ^ absolute change | ||
+ | ^ relative change | ||
+ | | **over-all fuel consumption** | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2021 | | ||
+ | ^ Submission 2020 | | ||
+ | ^ absolute change | ||
+ | ^ relative change | ||
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
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===== Uncertainties ===== | ===== Uncertainties ===== | ||
- | Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: " | + | Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: " |
Uncertainty estimates for **emission factors** were compiled during the PAREST research project. Here, the final report has not yet been published. | Uncertainty estimates for **emission factors** were compiled during the PAREST research project. Here, the final report has not yet been published. | ||
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**//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | ||
- | The EF provided in [((bibcite 4))] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | + | The EF provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' |
- | + | ||
- | ------ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[bibliography]] | + | |
- | : 1 : AGEB (2019): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; | + | [(AGEB2020> |
- | : 2 : BAFA (2019): Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, | + | [(BAFA2020> |
- | URL: https:// | + | URL: https:// |
- | : 3 : Knörr et al. (2019b): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F. (2019b): ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Aktualisierung des Modells TREMOD-Mobile Machinery (TREMOD MM) 2018, Heidelberg, | + | [(KNOERR2020b> |
- | : 4 : EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019. | + | [(EMEPEEA2019> |
- | : 5 : Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, | + | [(RENTZ2008> |
- | : 6 : Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; | + | [(KNOERR2009> |
- | [[/ | + |