meta data for this page
  •  

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2021/04/08 11:14] – [Table] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2024/11/06 16:10] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
Line 7: Line 7:
 ^ Category Code  ^  Method                                ||||^  AD                                ||||^  EF                                  ||||| ^ Category Code  ^  Method                                ||||^  AD                                ||||^  EF                                  |||||
 | 1.A.3.c         |  T1, T2                                    |||||  NS, M                                 |||||  CS, D, M                                  ||||| | 1.A.3.c         |  T1, T2                                    |||||  NS, M                                 |||||  CS, D, M                                  |||||
-^  Key Category  ^  SO₂     ^  NOₓ  ^  NH₃  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO   ^  BC   ^  Pb   ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM₁₀  ^  PM₂ ₅  ^+^  Key Category  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>     ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO   ^  BC   ^  Pb   ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^
 | 1.A.3.c         |  -/-        |  -/T  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -    |  L/-  |  L/-   |  L/-    | | 1.A.3.c         |  -/-        |  -/T  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -    |  L/-  |  L/-   |  L/-    |
  
Line 59: Line 59:
 ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c              ^    460,326 ^    396,658 ^    398,870 ^    383,145 ^    371,248 ^    370,104 ^    376,876 ^    359,065 ^    354,970 ^    344,785 ^    317,282 ^    317,645 ^    307,916 ^   299,188 ^ ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c              ^    460,326 ^    396,658 ^    398,870 ^    383,145 ^    371,248 ^    370,104 ^    376,876 ^    359,065 ^    354,970 ^    344,785 ^    317,282 ^    317,645 ^    307,916 ^   299,188 ^
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_ad_liquid.png?700 }} +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_liquid.png?700 }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_ad_solid.png?700 }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?700 }}
  
-Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2020a) [(KNOERR2020b)] are applied as activity data. +Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2020a) [(KNOERR2020a)] are applied as activity data. 
  
 ==== Emission factors ==== ==== Emission factors ====
Line 116: Line 116:
  
 <WRAP center round info 100%> <WRAP center round info 100%>
-For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to [[[ appendix2.3-HM-from-mobile-sources | Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources]]] and [[[ appendix2.4-POPs-from-mobile-sources | Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources ]]].+For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
Line 122: Line 122:
 ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== ===== Discussion of emission trends =====
    
-^  Outcome of Key Category Analysis                                                    ^ +__Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ 
-|  **L&T**: PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> / **L**: TSP  |+|  for: ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  TSP    ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^ 
 +|   by: |  Trend           |  Level  |  L/-              |  L/-               |
  
 Basically, for all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in over-all fuel consumption. Basically, for all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in over-all fuel consumption.
Line 130: Line 131:
 Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, **carbon monoxide**, **particulate matter** and **PAHs**, emission trends show remarkable jumps especially after 1995 that result from the significantly higher amounts of solid fuels used. Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, **carbon monoxide**, **particulate matter** and **PAHs**, emission trends show remarkable jumps especially after 1995 that result from the significantly higher amounts of solid fuels used.
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_nh3.png?700 }} +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_nh3.png?700 }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_nox.png?700 }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_nox.png?700 }}
  
 For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM,,2.5,,.  For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM,,2.5,,. 
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_pm.png?700  }} +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?700  }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_pm10.png?700 }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?700 }}
  
 Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities. Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities.
 For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels. For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels.
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_so2.png?700 }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_so2.png?700 }}
  
 Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors.  Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors. 
 Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above). Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above).
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_cd.png?700 }} +{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_cd.png?700 }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:1a3c_em_cu.png?700 }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_cu.png?700 }}
  
 \\ \\
Line 224: Line 225:
  
 [(AGEB2020> AGEB (2020): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2018.html, Köln & Berlin, 2020.)] [(AGEB2020> AGEB (2020): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2018.html, Köln & Berlin, 2020.)]
-[(MWV2020> MWV (2020): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2016'; URL: https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/180830_MWV_Jahresbericht-2018_RZ_Web_es_small.pdf, Berlin, 2020.)]+[(MWV2020> MWV (2020): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2018'; URL: https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MWV_Mineraloelwirtschaftsverband-e.V.-Jahresbericht-2020-Webversion.pdf, Berlin, 2020.)]
 [(HEDEL2012> Hedel, R., & Kunze, J. (2012): Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, 2012.)] [(HEDEL2012> Hedel, R., & Kunze, J. (2012): Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, 2012.)]
 [(ILLICHMANN2016>  Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016.)] [(ILLICHMANN2016>  Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016.)]
-[(KNOERR2020b> Knörr et al. (2019a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD , 6.02 im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2020. )]+[(KNOERR2020a> Knörr et al. (2019a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2020. )]
 [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)] [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)]
 [(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )] [(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )]
 [(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)] [(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]