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| sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2021/01/18 12:47] – [Table] kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | ||
| - | ^ | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
| - | | T1, T2 | NS, M | CS, D, M | | + | | 1.A.3.c |
| + | ^ Key Category | ||
| + | | 1.A.3.c | ||
| - | {{page> | + | {{page> |
| + | |||
| + | \\ | ||
| Germany' | Germany' | ||
| Line 16: | Line 20: | ||
| === Activity Data === | === Activity Data === | ||
| - | Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, | + | Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, |
| Data on the consumption of biodiesel in railways is provided in the NEBs as well, from 2004 onward. But as the NEBs do not provide a solid time series regarding most recent years, the data used for the inventory is estimated based on the prescribed shares of biodiesel to be added to diesel oil. | Data on the consumption of biodiesel in railways is provided in the NEBs as well, from 2004 onward. But as the NEBs do not provide a solid time series regarding most recent years, the data used for the inventory is estimated based on the prescribed shares of biodiesel to be added to diesel oil. | ||
| - | Small quantities of //solid fuels// are used for historical steam engines vehicles operated mostly for tourism and exhibition purposes. Official fuel delivery data are available for lignite, through 2002, and for hard coal, through 2000, from the NEBs. In order to complete these time series, a study was carried out in 2012 by Hedel, R., and Kunze, J. (2012) [((bibcite 3))]. During this study, questionaires were provided to any known operator of historical steam engines in Germany. Here, due to limited data archiving, nearly complete data could only be gained for years as of 2005. For earlier years, in order to achieve a solid time series, conservative gap filling was applied. | + | Small quantities of //solid fuels// are used for historical steam engines vehicles operated mostly for tourism and exhibition purposes. Official fuel delivery data are available for lignite, through 2002, and for hard coal, through 2000, from the NEBs. In order to complete these time series, a study was carried out in 2012 by Hedel, R., and Kunze, J. (2012) [(HEDEL2012)]. During this study, questionaires were provided to any known operator of historical steam engines in Germany. Here, due to limited data archiving, nearly complete data could only be gained for years as of 2005. For earlier years, in order to achieve a solid time series, conservative gap filling was applied. |
| - | A follow-up study to gain original cosumption data for 2015 was carried out in 2016 by Illichmann, S. (2016) [((bibcite 4))]. | + | A follow-up study to gain original cosumption data for 2015 was carried out in 2016 by Illichmann, S. (2016) [(ILLICHMANN2016)]. |
| __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | ||
| Line 36: | Line 40: | ||
| __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ | __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ | ||
| - | | | + | | |
| - | | **Diesel Oil** | 38.458 | 31.054 | 25.410 | 18.142 | 14.626 | 14.730 | 13.514 | 13.771 | 12.283 | 13.321 | 13.775 | 11.344 | 9.425 | | + | | **Diesel Oil** | 38,458 | 31,054 | 25,410 | 18,142 | 14,626 | 14,730 | 13,514 | 13,771 | 12,283 | 13,321 | 13,775 | 11,344 | 9,425 | 9,531 | |
| - | | **Biodiesel** | + | | **Biodiesel** |
| - | ^ Liquids TOTAL | + | ^ Liquids TOTAL |
| - | | **Lignite Briquettes** | + | | **Lignite Briquettes** |
| - | | **Raw Lignite** | + | | **Raw Lignite** |
| - | | **Hard Coal** | + | | **Hard Coal** |
| - | | **Hard Coal Coke** | + | | **Hard Coal Coke** |
| - | ^ Solids TOTAL ^ 576 ^ 336 ^ 682 ^ 256 ^ 315 ^ 346 ^ 357 ^ 353 ^ 342 ^ 340 ^ 341 ^ 341 ^ 341 ^ | + | ^ Solids TOTAL ^ 576 ^ 336 ^ 682 ^ 256 ^ 315 ^ 346 ^ 357 ^ 353 ^ 342 ^ 340 ^ 341 ^ 341 ^ 341 ^ 341 ^ |
| - | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c | + | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c |
| The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. | The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. | ||
| Line 51: | Line 55: | ||
| __Table 3: Annual transport performance, | __Table 3: Annual transport performance, | ||
| | | **1990** | | | **1990** | ||
| - | | **Electric Traction** | + | | **Electric Traction** |
| - | | **Diesel Traction** | + | | **Diesel Traction** |
| - | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c | + | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c |
| + | {{ : | ||
| + | {{ : | ||
| - | [[gallery size=" | + | Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2020a) [(KNOERR2020a)] are applied as activity data. |
| - | : 1A3c_AD(TJ).png | + | |
| - | : 1A3c_AD(km).png | + | |
| - | [[/ | + | |
| - | Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2019a) [((bibcite 5))] are applied as activity data. | + | ==== Emission factors |
| - | + | ||
| - | === Emission factors === | + | |
| The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** of very different quality: | The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** of very different quality: | ||
| For main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [((bibcite 4))]. | For main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [((bibcite 4))]. | ||
| - | On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [((bibcite 6))] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [((bibcite 7))] regarding PCDD/F. | + | On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F. |
| As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. | As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet. | ||
| Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion. | Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion. | ||
| - | Furthermore, | + | Furthermore, |
| - | As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM,,10,,) were calculated from the emission estimates extrapolated backwards from 2013 to 1990 and the transport performance data available from TREMOD. | + | |
| - | Regarding PM,,2.5,,, and TSP, due to leck of better information, | + | As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM,<sub>10</ |
| + | |||
| + | Regarding PM<sub>2.5</ | ||
| Emission factors for emssions of copper, nickel and chrome are calculated via typical shares of the named metals in the contact line (copper) and in the braking systems (Ni and Cr). Other heavy metals contained in alloys used for the contact line (silver, magnesium, tin) are not taken into account here. Furthermore, | Emission factors for emssions of copper, nickel and chrome are calculated via typical shares of the named metals in the contact line (copper) and in the braking systems (Ni and Cr). Other heavy metals contained in alloys used for the contact line (silver, magnesium, tin) are not taken into account here. Furthermore, | ||
| __Table 3: Annual country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels< | __Table 3: Annual country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels< | ||
| | | | | ||
| - | ^ NH< | + | ^ NH< |
| - | ^ NMVOC | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | ^ NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | ^ SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | ^ BC< | + | ^ BC< |
| - | ^ PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | ^ PM< | + | ^ PM< |
| - | ^ TSP< | + | ^ TSP< |
| - | ^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 121 | 105 | 101 | 98,9 | 94,7 | 93,3 | 92,6 | 88,5 | 88,2 | | + | ^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 121 | 105 | 101 | 98.9 | 94.7 | 93.3 | 92.6 | 88.5 | 88.2 | |
| < | < | ||
| < | < | ||
| Line 93: | Line 96: | ||
| __Table 4: Emission factors applied for solid fuels, in kg/TJ__ | __Table 4: Emission factors applied for solid fuels, in kg/TJ__ | ||
| - | ^ | + | ^ |
| | **Hard coal** | | **Hard coal** | ||
| | **Hard coal coke** | | **Hard coal coke** | ||
| __Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__ | __Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__ | ||
| - | ^ | + | ^ |
| - | | Contact line < | + | ^ Contact line < |
| - | | Tyres on rails < | + | ^ Tyres on rails < |
| - | | Braking system < | + | ^ Braking system < |
| - | | Current collector < | + | ^ Current collector < |
| - | < | + | < |
| - | < | + | < |
| - | < | + | < |
| < | < | ||
| - | > **NOTE: | + | <WRAP center round info 100%> |
| + | With respect to the emission factors applied for particulate matter, given the circumstances during test-bench measurements, | ||
| + | </WRAP> | ||
| - | > For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | + | <WRAP center round info 100%> |
| - | + | For information on the **emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions**, | |
| - | [!-- | + | </WRAP> |
| - | __Table 5: Tier1 emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions__ | + | |
| - | ||= ||= **Pb** ||= **Cd** ||= **Hg** ||= **As** ||= **Cr** ||= **Cu** ||= **Ni** ||= **Se** ||= **Zn** ||= **B[a]P** ||= **B[b]F** ||= **B[k]F** ||= **I[...]p** ||= **PAH 1-4** ||= **HCB** ||= **PCBs** ||= **PCDD/F** ||= | + | |
| - | ||= ||||||||||||||||||= [g/ | + | |
| - | ||~ Diesel oil||> 1.21 ^^2^^ ||> | + | |
| - | ||~ Biodiesel||> | + | |
| - | ||~ Lignite Briquettes ||||||||||||||||||= NE ||> | + | |
| - | ||~ Raw Lignite ||||||||||||||||||= NE ||||||||||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= | + | |
| - | ||~ Hard Coal ||||||||||||||||||= NE ||||||||||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= | + | |
| - | ||~ Hard Coal Coke ||||||||||||||||||= NE ||||||||||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= NE ||= | + | |
| - | ^^1^^ tier1 default from [((bibcite 5))], chapter: 1.A.3.b i-iv - Road transport: exhaust emissions: tier1 value for diesel vehicles | + | |
| - | ^^2^^ tier1 default from [((bibcite 5))], chapter: 1.A.3.c - Railways[[footnote]] EMEP/EEA GB 2016, chapter 1.A.3c, page 6, Table 3-1: " | + | |
| - | ^^3^^ sum of tier1 default value applied for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[...]P | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | --] | + | |
| - | + __Discussion of emission trends__ | ||
| - | > **NFR 1.A.3.c** is no key source. | + | ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== |
| + | |||
| + | __Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ | ||
| + | | for: ^ NO<sub>x</ | ||
| + | | by: | Trend | ||
| Basically, for all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in over-all fuel consumption. | Basically, for all unregulated pollutants, emission trends directly follow the trend in over-all fuel consumption. | ||
| Line 137: | Line 131: | ||
| Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, | Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, | ||
| - | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_NH3.png | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_NOx.png | + | |
| - | [[/ | + | |
| - | For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [((bibcite 5))], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM,, | + | For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM,, |
| - | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_PM.png | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_PM10.png | + | |
| - | [[/ | + | |
| Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, | Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, | ||
| For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels. | For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels. | ||
| - | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_SO2.png | + | |
| - | [[/ | + | |
| Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors. | Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors. | ||
| Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above). | Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above). | ||
| - | [[gallery size=" | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_Cu.png | + | {{ :sector: |
| - | : 1A3c_EM_Cd.png | + | |
| - | [[/ | + | |
| - | ===== Recalculations ===== | + | \\ |
| + | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| Given the revised NEB 2018, both the**activity data** fo diesel oil and the annual amounts of blended biodiesel were revised accordingly. | Given the revised NEB 2018, both the**activity data** fo diesel oil and the annual amounts of blended biodiesel were revised accordingly. | ||
| Line 187: | Line 174: | ||
| ^ relative change | ^ relative change | ||
| - | + | Due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2020b)], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | Due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [((bibcite 5))], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. | + | |
| Here, the revision results mainly from the consideration of revised NCvs for diesel oil as provided by the AGEB. | Here, the revision results mainly from the consideration of revised NCvs for diesel oil as provided by the AGEB. | ||
| __Table 6: Revised country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels, in kg/TJ__ | __Table 6: Revised country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels, in kg/TJ__ | ||
| - | | | + | | |
| - | | **Nitrogen oxides - NO,,x,,** ||||||| | + | | **Nitrogen oxides - NO<sub>x</ |
| - | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
| - | ^ Submission 2019 | + | ^ Submission 2019 |
| - | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | **Non-methane volatile organic compounds - NMVOC** | + | | **Non-methane volatile organic compounds - NMVOC** |
| - | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
| - | ^ Submission 2019 | + | ^ Submission 2019 |
| - | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | **Particulate matter - PM** (PM,,2.5,, = PM,,10,, = TSP) | + | | **Particulate matter - PM** (PM<sub>2.5</ |
| - | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
| - | ^ Submission 2019 | + | ^ Submission 2019 |
| - | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | **Black carbon - BC** ||||||| | + | | **Black carbon - BC** ||||||| |
| - | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
| - | ^ Submission 2019 | + | ^ Submission 2019 |
| - | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
| - | | **Carbon monoxide - CO** | + | | **Carbon monoxide - CO** |
| - | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
| - | ^ Submission 2019 | + | ^ Submission 2019 |
| - | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
| - | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
| - | <WRAP center round tip 60%> | + | <WRAP center round info 60%> |
| For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| Line 228: | Line 212: | ||
| ===== Uncertainties ===== | ===== Uncertainties ===== | ||
| - | Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023 (title: " | + | Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023 (title: " |
| ===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
| Line 240: | Line 224: | ||
| The EF provided in [((bibcite 5))] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | The EF provided in [((bibcite 5))] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | ||
| - | ------ | + | [(AGEB2020> |
| + | [(MWV2020> | ||
| + | [(HEDEL2012> | ||
| + | [(ILLICHMANN2016> | ||
| + | [(KNOERR2020a> | ||
| + | [(EMEPEEA2019> | ||
| + | [(RENTZ2008> | ||
| + | [(KNOERR2009> | ||
| - | [[bibliography]] | ||
| - | : 1 : AGEB (2019): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; | ||
| - | : 2 : MWV (2019): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, | ||
| - | : 3 : Hedel, R., & Kunze, J. (2012): Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, 2012. | ||
| - | : 4 : Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016. | ||
| - | : 5 : Knörr et al. (2019a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: | ||
| - | : 6 : EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https:// | ||
| - | : 7 : Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, | ||
| - | : 7 : Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; | ||
| - | [[/ | ||