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sector:energy:fugitive:gas:start [2021/03/12 15:24] – boettcher | sector:energy:fugitive:gas:start [2021/03/19 09:02] – [References] boettcher | ||
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====== 1.B.2.b - Natural Gas ====== | ====== 1.B.2.b - Natural Gas ====== | ||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | ^ Category Code ^ Method | ||
+ | | 1.B.2.b | ||
- | ^ Category Code ^ Method | ||
- | | 1.B.2.b | ||
- | | 1.B.2.c | ||
^ Key Category | ^ Key Category | ||
| 1.B.2.b | | 1.B.2.b | ||
- | | 1.B.2.c | ||
+ | . | ||
+ | {{page> | ||
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.i - Exploration ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Source category 1.B.2.b.i is considered together with source category 1.B.2.a.i (Oil, exploration). Consequently, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== 1.B.2.b.ii - Production ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The emissions of source category 1.B.2.b.ii consist of emissions related to production. Since 1998, the Federal Association of the Natural gas, Oil and Geothermal Energy Industries (BVEG) has determined the emissions from production and published the relevant data in its statistical report. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ activity data | ||
+ | | produced quantities of natural gas | Billion m³ | 15.3 | 19.1 | 20.1 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 8.6 | 6.3 | 6.1 | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Source of emission factor | ||
+ | | Natural gas production | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.iii - Processing ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The emissions of this category consist of emissions from the activities of pretreatment and processing. | ||
+ | After being brought up from underground reserves, natural gas is first treated in drying and processing plants. As a rule, such pretreatment of the natural gas takes place in facilities located directly at the pumping stations. Such processes separate out associated water from reserves, along with liquid hydrocarbons and various solids. Glycol is then used to remove the water vapour remaining in the gas (p. 25)[(WEG2008)]. Natural gas dehydration systems are closed systems. For safety reasons, all of such a system' | ||
+ | The natural gas drawn from Germany' | ||
+ | The natural gas that leaves processing plants is ready for use. The hydrogen sulphide is converted into elementary sulphur and is used primarily by the chemical industry, as a basic raw material. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ | ||
+ | | Sulphur production from natural gas production | ||
+ | |||
+ | For processing of sour gas, data of the BVEG (the former WEG) for the period since 2000 are used. This data is the result of the BVEG members' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Source of emission factor | ||
+ | | Treatment of sour gas | NMVOC | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.004 | | ||
+ | | Treatment of sour gas | CO | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.043 | | ||
+ | | Treatment of sour gas | NOx | ||
+ | | Treatment of sour gas | SO2 | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.iv - Transmission ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | This source category' | ||
+ | Almost all of the pipelines used to transmit natural gas are steel pipelines [(ZOELLNER2014)]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | One important emissions pathway consists of the compressors that are used to maintain pressure in pipelines. They are spaced at intervals of about 100 km along lines [(GASUNIE2014)]. At present, the compressors involved have a total power output of about 2,585 MW [(OHLEN2019)]. The pipelines are also fitted with shut-off devices (sliding sleeves), which are safety mechanisms located at intervals of about 30 km along high-pressure pipelines, and with systems for regulating and measuring gas pressure. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In pipeline inspection and cleaning, tools known as pipeline inspection gauges (" | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ | ||
+ | | Length of transmission pipelines | ||
+ | | Cavern reservoirs | ||
+ | | Porous-rock reservoirs | ||
+ | |||
+ | Most of the gas extracted in Germany is moved via pipelines from gas fields and their pumping stations (either on land or off the coast). Imported gas is also transported mainly via pipelines. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The emission factor for underground natural gas storage was derived via surveys of operators and analysis of statistics on accidents / incidents [(LANGER2012)], | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Source of emission factor | ||
+ | | Long-distance high-pressure pipeline | ||
+ | | Compressors | ||
+ | | Sliding sleeve hub | ||
+ | | Systems for regulating and measuring gas pressure | ||
+ | | Cavern reservoirs | ||
+ | | Porous-rock reservoirs | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.v - Distribution ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | The emissions caused by gas distribution have decreased slightly, even though gas throughput has increased considerably and the distribution network has been enlarged considerably with respect to its size in 1990. One important reason for this improvement is that the gas-distribution network has been modernised, especially in eastern Germany. In particular, the share of grey cast-iron lines in the low-pressure network has been reduced, with such lines being supplanted by low-emissions plastic pipelines. Another reason for the reduction is that fugitive losses in distribution have been reduced through a range of technical improvements (tightly sealing fittings such as flanges, valves, pumps, compressors) undertaken in keeping with emissions-control provisions in relevant regulations (TA Luft (1986) and TA Luft (2002)). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ | ||
+ | | Distribution network of natural gas | ||
+ | | Number of natural-gas-powered vehicles | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Pipeline network** | ||
+ | |||
+ | The calculation was carried out using the Tier 3 method, on the basis of the available network statistics of the German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW) [(BDEW2016)] and of own surveys. In the early 1990s, emissions from distribution of town gas were also taken into account in calculations. In 1990, the town gas distribution network accounted for a total of 16 % of the entire gas network. Of that share, 15 % consisted of grey cast-iron lines and 85 % consisted of steel and ductile cast-iron lines. | ||
+ | The emission factors for the distribution network were verified in 2012 [(GOTTWALD2012)] and 2014 [(MUELLERSYRING2014)]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Storage reservoirs** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Man-made above-ground storage facilities, for storage of medium-sized quantities of natural gas, help meet and balance rapid fluctuations in demand. In Germany, spherical and pipe storage tanks, and other types of low-pressure containers, are used for this purpose. Results from a relevant research project [(LANGER2012)] have made it possible to derive new country-specific emission factors for this area. The emissions have been calculated in accordance with the Tier 2 method. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Natural-gas-powered vehicles, and CNG fuelling stations** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Use of vehicles running on natural gas continues to increase in Germany. Such vehicles are refuelled at CNG fuelling stations connected to the public gas network. In such refuelling, compressors move gas from high-pressure on-site tanks. Some 900 CNG fuelling stations are now in operation nationwide [(LANGER2012)]. In keeping with the stringent safety standards applying to refuelling operations and to the tanks themselves, the pertinent emissions are very low. In the main, emissions result via tank pressure tests and emptying processes. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Liquefied natural gas (LNG)** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Natural gas can be liquefied, at a temperature of -161°C, for ease of transport. The liquefaction process is highly energy-intensive, | ||
+ | Germany now has one natural gas liquefaction facility and two satellite LNG storage facilities. Since the storage and transfer processes at those facilities are subject to the most stringent standards possible, emissions there can be ruled out. Gas can escape only in connection with maintenance work, and the gas quantities involved are extremely small. The quantities do not exceed more than a few hundred kilograms [(LANGER2012)]. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Source of emission factor | ||
+ | | Low-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | ||
+ | | Low-pressure plastic pipeline | ||
+ | | Low-pressure grey-cast-iron pipeline | ||
+ | | Medium-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 5,175 | | ||
+ | | Medium-pressure plastic pipeline | ||
+ | | High-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 1.55 | | ||
+ | | High-pressure plastic pipeline | ||
+ | | Above-ground storage facilities | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round info 80%> | ||
+ | In the 1990s, town gas (=coal gas) was supplied to households via distribution systems in East Germany and West-Berlin. The composition of coal gas varied in the different regions, consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogene. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== 1.B.2.b.vi - Post-Meter Emissions ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The category describes emissions from leakage in the industrial sector and in the residential and institutional/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ activity data ^ Unit | ||
+ | | Gas meters in the residential and institutional / commercial sector | ||
+ | | Energy consumption of the industry | ||
+ | |||
+ | The emission factors are country-specific, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Source of emission factor | ||
+ | | Gas meters and fittings in the residential and institutional/ | ||
+ | | Fittings in industrial facilities | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | will be published later - in meantime please refer to chapter 8.1 " | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Emission factors from natural gas transmission will be updated according to results of the UNEP OGMP 2.0 measurement programm (1.B.2.b.iv) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== References ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | [(WEG2008> | ||
+ | [(EXXON2014> | ||
+ | [(ZOELLNER2014> | ||
+ | [(GASUNIE2014> | ||
+ | [(OHLEN2019> | ||
+ | [(GROSSE2019> | ||
+ | [(LANGER2012> | ||
+ | [(BDEW2016> | ||
+ | [(GOTTWALD2012> | ||
+ | [(MUELLERSYRING2014> | ||
+ | [(AGEB2019a> | ||
+ | [(REICHERTSCHOEN2020> | ||
+ | [(DVGW2018> | ||