meta data for this page
Differences
This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.
Both sides previous revisionPrevious revisionNext revision | Previous revisionNext revisionBoth sides next revision | ||
sector:energy:fugitive:gas:start [2021/03/15 11:09] – some decimal from , to . (some unclear!) gniffke | sector:energy:fugitive:gas:start [2021/03/19 09:02] – [References] boettcher | ||
---|---|---|---|
Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
| 1.B.2.b | | 1.B.2.b | ||
+ | . | ||
+ | {{page> | ||
- | + | ===== 1.B.2.b.i - Exploration | |
- | ==== 1.B.2.b.i - Exploration ==== | + | |
Line 19: | Line 20: | ||
The emissions of source category 1.B.2.b.ii consist of emissions related to production. Since 1998, the Federal Association of the Natural gas, Oil and Geothermal Energy Industries (BVEG) has determined the emissions from production and published the relevant data in its statistical report. | The emissions of source category 1.B.2.b.ii consist of emissions related to production. Since 1998, the Federal Association of the Natural gas, Oil and Geothermal Energy Industries (BVEG) has determined the emissions from production and published the relevant data in its statistical report. | ||
- | ^ activity data ^ Unit | + | ^ activity data |
- | | produced quantities of natural gas | Billion m³ | 15.3 | 19.1 | 20.1 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 8.6 | + | | produced quantities of natural gas | Billion m³ | |
- | ^ Source of emission factor | + | ^ Source of emission factor |
- | | Natural gas production | + | | Natural gas production |
- | ==== 1.B.2.b.iii - Processing ==== | + | |
- | + | ||
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.iii - Processing ===== | ||
The emissions of this category consist of emissions from the activities of pretreatment and processing. | The emissions of this category consist of emissions from the activities of pretreatment and processing. | ||
- | After being brought up from underground reserves, natural gas is first treated in drying and processing plants. As a rule, such pretreatment of the natural gas takes place in facilities located directly at the pumping stations. Such processes separate out associated water from reserves, along with liquid hydrocarbons and various solids. Glycol is then used to remove the water vapour remaining in the gas [1, p. 25]. Natural gas dehydration systems are closed systems. For safety reasons, all of such a system' | + | After being brought up from underground reserves, natural gas is first treated in drying and processing plants. As a rule, such pretreatment of the natural gas takes place in facilities located directly at the pumping stations. Such processes separate out associated water from reserves, along with liquid hydrocarbons and various solids. Glycol is then used to remove the water vapour remaining in the gas (p. 25)[(WEG2008)]. Natural gas dehydration systems are closed systems. For safety reasons, all of such a system' |
- | The natural gas drawn from Germany' | + | The natural gas drawn from Germany' |
The natural gas that leaves processing plants is ready for use. The hydrogen sulphide is converted into elementary sulphur and is used primarily by the chemical industry, as a basic raw material. | The natural gas that leaves processing plants is ready for use. The hydrogen sulphide is converted into elementary sulphur and is used primarily by the chemical industry, as a basic raw material. | ||
- | ^ ^ Unit | + | ^ |
- | | Sulphur production from natural gas production | + | | Sulphur production from natural gas production |
For processing of sour gas, data of the BVEG (the former WEG) for the period since 2000 are used. This data is the result of the BVEG members' | For processing of sour gas, data of the BVEG (the former WEG) for the period since 2000 are used. This data is the result of the BVEG members' | ||
- | ^ Source of emission factor | + | ^ Source of emission factor |
- | | Treatment of sour gas | NMVOC | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.004 | | + | | Treatment of sour gas | NMVOC | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.004 | |
- | ==== 1.B.2.b.iv - Transmission ==== | + | | Treatment of sour gas | CO | kg/ 1000 m³ | 0.043 | |
+ | | Treatment of sour gas | NOx | ||
+ | | Treatment of sour gas | SO2 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.iv - Transmission ===== | ||
This source category' | This source category' | ||
- | Almost all of the pipelines used to transmit natural gas are steel pipelines [3]. | + | Almost all of the pipelines used to transmit natural gas are steel pipelines [(ZOELLNER2014)]. |
- | One important emissions pathway consists of the compressors that are used to maintain pressure in pipelines. They are spaced at intervals of about 100 km along lines [4]. At present, the compressors involved have a total power output of about 2,585 MW [5]. The pipelines are also fitted with shut-off devices (sliding sleeves), which are safety mechanisms located at intervals of about 30 km along high-pressure pipelines, and with systems for regulating and measuring gas pressure. | + | One important emissions pathway consists of the compressors that are used to maintain pressure in pipelines. They are spaced at intervals of about 100 km along lines [(GASUNIE2014)]. At present, the compressors involved have a total power output of about 2,585 MW [(OHLEN2019)]. The pipelines are also fitted with shut-off devices (sliding sleeves), which are safety mechanisms located at intervals of about 30 km along high-pressure pipelines, and with systems for regulating and measuring gas pressure. |
- | In pipeline inspection and cleaning, tools known as pipeline inspection gauges (" | + | In pipeline inspection and cleaning, tools known as pipeline inspection gauges (" |
- | ^ ^ Unit | + | ^ |
- | | Length of transmission pipelines | + | | Length of transmission pipelines |
- | | Cavern reservoirs | + | | Cavern reservoirs |
- | | Porous-rock reservoirs | + | | Porous-rock reservoirs |
Most of the gas extracted in Germany is moved via pipelines from gas fields and their pumping stations (either on land or off the coast). Imported gas is also transported mainly via pipelines. | Most of the gas extracted in Germany is moved via pipelines from gas fields and their pumping stations (either on land or off the coast). Imported gas is also transported mainly via pipelines. | ||
- | The emission factor for underground natural gas storage was derived via surveys of operators and analysis of statistics on accidents / incidents [7], and it is valid for porous storage and cavern-storage facilities. It is seen as very conservative. The emission factor for the compressor systems and the sliding sleeve hubs has been obtained from the research project [3]. | + | The emission factor for underground natural gas storage was derived via surveys of operators and analysis of statistics on accidents / incidents [(LANGER2012)], and it is valid for porous storage and cavern-storage facilities. It is seen as very conservative. The emission factor for the compressor systems and the sliding sleeve hubs has been obtained from the research project [(ZOELLNER2014)]. |
- | ^ Source of emission factor | + | ^ Source of emission factor |
- | | Long-distance high-pressure pipeline | + | | Long-distance high-pressure pipeline |
- | | Compressors | + | | Compressors |
- | | Sliding sleeve hub | NMVOC | kg/ | + | | Sliding sleeve hub |
- | | Systems for regulating and measuring gas pressure | + | | Systems for regulating and measuring gas pressure |
- | | Cavern reservoirs | + | | Cavern reservoirs |
- | | Porous-rock reservoirs | + | | Porous-rock reservoirs |
- | ==== 1.B.2.b.v - Distribution ==== | + | |
+ | ===== 1.B.2.b.v - Distribution | ||
The emissions caused by gas distribution have decreased slightly, even though gas throughput has increased considerably and the distribution network has been enlarged considerably with respect to its size in 1990. One important reason for this improvement is that the gas-distribution network has been modernised, especially in eastern Germany. In particular, the share of grey cast-iron lines in the low-pressure network has been reduced, with such lines being supplanted by low-emissions plastic pipelines. Another reason for the reduction is that fugitive losses in distribution have been reduced through a range of technical improvements (tightly sealing fittings such as flanges, valves, pumps, compressors) undertaken in keeping with emissions-control provisions in relevant regulations (TA Luft (1986) and TA Luft (2002)). | The emissions caused by gas distribution have decreased slightly, even though gas throughput has increased considerably and the distribution network has been enlarged considerably with respect to its size in 1990. One important reason for this improvement is that the gas-distribution network has been modernised, especially in eastern Germany. In particular, the share of grey cast-iron lines in the low-pressure network has been reduced, with such lines being supplanted by low-emissions plastic pipelines. Another reason for the reduction is that fugitive losses in distribution have been reduced through a range of technical improvements (tightly sealing fittings such as flanges, valves, pumps, compressors) undertaken in keeping with emissions-control provisions in relevant regulations (TA Luft (1986) and TA Luft (2002)). | ||
- | ^ ^ Unit | + | ^ |
- | | Distribution network of natural gas | km | 246, | + | | Distribution network of natural gas |
- | | Number of natural-gas-powered vehicles | + | | Number of natural-gas-powered vehicles |
**Pipeline network** | **Pipeline network** | ||
- | The calculation was carried out using the Tier 3 method, on the basis of the available network statistics of the German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW) [8] and of own surveys. In the early 1990s, emissions from distribution of town gas were also taken into account in calculations. In 1990, the town gas distribution network accounted for a total of 16 % of the entire gas network. Of that share, 15 % consisted of grey cast-iron lines and 85 % consisted of steel and ductile cast-iron lines. | + | The calculation was carried out using the Tier 3 method, on the basis of the available network statistics of the German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW) [(BDEW2016)] and of own surveys. In the early 1990s, emissions from distribution of town gas were also taken into account in calculations. In 1990, the town gas distribution network accounted for a total of 16 % of the entire gas network. Of that share, 15 % consisted of grey cast-iron lines and 85 % consisted of steel and ductile cast-iron lines. |
- | The emission factors for the distribution network were verified in 2012 [9] and 2014 [10]. | + | The emission factors for the distribution network were verified in 2012 [(GOTTWALD2012)] and 2014 [(MUELLERSYRING2014)]. |
**Storage reservoirs** | **Storage reservoirs** | ||
- | Man-made above-ground storage facilities, for storage of medium-sized quantities of natural gas, help meet and balance rapid fluctuations in demand. In Germany, spherical and pipe storage tanks, and other types of low-pressure containers, are used for this purpose. Results from a relevant research project [7] have made it possible to derive new country-specific emission factors for this area. The emissions have been calculated in accordance with the Tier 2 method. | + | Man-made above-ground storage facilities, for storage of medium-sized quantities of natural gas, help meet and balance rapid fluctuations in demand. In Germany, spherical and pipe storage tanks, and other types of low-pressure containers, are used for this purpose. Results from a relevant research project [(LANGER2012)] have made it possible to derive new country-specific emission factors for this area. The emissions have been calculated in accordance with the Tier 2 method. |
**Natural-gas-powered vehicles, and CNG fuelling stations** | **Natural-gas-powered vehicles, and CNG fuelling stations** | ||
- | Use of vehicles running on natural gas continues to increase in Germany. Such vehicles are refuelled at CNG fuelling stations connected to the public gas network. In such refuelling, compressors move gas from high-pressure on-site tanks. Some 900 CNG fuelling stations are now in operation nationwide [7]. In keeping with the stringent safety standards applying to refuelling operations and to the tanks themselves, the pertinent emissions are very low. In the main, emissions result via tank pressure tests and emptying processes. | + | Use of vehicles running on natural gas continues to increase in Germany. Such vehicles are refuelled at CNG fuelling stations connected to the public gas network. In such refuelling, compressors move gas from high-pressure on-site tanks. Some 900 CNG fuelling stations are now in operation nationwide [(LANGER2012)]. In keeping with the stringent safety standards applying to refuelling operations and to the tanks themselves, the pertinent emissions are very low. In the main, emissions result via tank pressure tests and emptying processes. |
**Liquefied natural gas (LNG)** | **Liquefied natural gas (LNG)** | ||
- | Natural gas can be liquefied, at a temperature of -161°C, for ease of transport. The liquefaction process is highly energy-intensive, | + | Natural gas can be liquefied, at a temperature of -161°C, for ease of transport. The liquefaction process is highly energy-intensive, |
- | Germany now has one natural gas liquefaction facility and two satellite LNG storage facilities. Since the storage and transfer processes at those facilities are subject to the most stringent standards possible, emissions there can be ruled out. Gas can escape only in connection with maintenance work, and the gas quantities involved are extremely small. The quantities do not exceed more than a few hundred kilograms [7]. | + | Germany now has one natural gas liquefaction facility and two satellite LNG storage facilities. Since the storage and transfer processes at those facilities are subject to the most stringent standards possible, emissions there can be ruled out. Gas can escape only in connection with maintenance work, and the gas quantities involved are extremely small. The quantities do not exceed more than a few hundred kilograms [(LANGER2012)]. |
- | ^ Source of emission factor | + | ^ Source of emission factor |
- | | Low-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 9.3 | | + | | Low-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron |
- | | Low-pressure plastic pipeline | + | | Low-pressure plastic pipeline |
- | | Low-pressure grey-cast-iron pipeline | + | | Low-pressure grey-cast-iron pipeline |
- | | Medium-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 5,175 | | + | | Medium-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 5,175 | |
- | | Medium-pressure plastic pipeline | + | | Medium-pressure plastic pipeline |
- | | High-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 1.55 | | + | | High-pressure pipeline made of steel and ductile cast iron | NMVOC | kg/km | 1.55 | |
- | | High-pressure plastic pipeline | + | | High-pressure plastic pipeline |
- | | Above-ground storage facilities | + | | Above-ground storage facilities |
+ | <WRAP center round info 80%> | ||
+ | In the 1990s, town gas (=coal gas) was supplied to households via distribution systems in East Germany and West-Berlin. The composition of coal gas varied in the different regions, consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogene. | ||
+ | </ | ||
- | ==== 1.B.2.b.vi - Distribution | + | ==== 1.B.2.b.vi - Post-Meter Emissions |
- | The category describes emissions from leakage in the industrial sector and in the residential and institutional/ | + | The category describes emissions from leakage in the industrial sector and in the residential and institutional/ |
- | ^ activity data ^ Unit | 1990 | + | ^ activity data ^ Unit ^ |
- | | Gas meters in the residential and institutional / commercial sector | + | | Gas meters in the residential and institutional / commercial sector |
- | | Energy consumption of the industry | + | | Energy consumption of the industry |
- | The emission factors are country-specific, | + | The emission factors are country-specific, |
- | ^ Source of emission factor | + | ^ Source of emission factor |
- | | Gas meters and fittings in the residential and institutional/ | + | | Gas meters and fittings in the residential and institutional/ |
- | | Fittings in industrial facilities | + | | Fittings in industrial facilities |
- | ===== References ===== | + | |
+ | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
+ | will be published later - in meantime please refer to chapter 8.1 " | ||
- | * [1] WEG (2008). Report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing " | + | ===== Planned improvements ===== |
- | * [2] EXXON (2014). Förderung von Erdgas in Deutschland. Click here | + | |
- | * [3] Zöllner, S. (2014). Überführung der Bestands- und Ereignisdaten des DVGW in die Emissionsdatenbank des Umweltbundesamts. | + | |
- | * [4] GASUNIE (2014). Verdichterstationen. Click here | + | |
- | * [5] Ohlen, N. v. (2019). Umsetzungsbericht zum Netzentwicklungsplan Gas 2018-2028 der Fernleitungsnetzbetreiber. Click here | + | |
- | * [6] Grosse, C. (2019). Qualitätsprüfung der Texte für den nationalen Inventarbericht und Datenerhebung in der Quellgruppe.1.B.2.b (PNr. 1252 30). | + | |
- | * [7] Langer, B. u. (2012). Ermittlung von Emissionsfaktoren und Aktivitätsraten im Bereich IPCC (1996) 1.B.2.b.iii (Bericht Nr. M96023/01, UBA FKZ 360 16 035). | + | |
- | * [8] German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW) (2016). 2016 Gas Statistics “Gasstatistik 2016”. | + | |
- | * [9] Gottwald, Müller-Syring, | + | |
- | * [10] Müller-Syring, | + | |
- | * [11] AGEB (2019a). Energieverbrauch in Deutschland im Jahr 2018. Press release. | + | |
- | * [12] Reichert, J, Schön, M (2000). Methanemissionen durch den Einsatz von Gas in Deutschland von 1990 bis 1997 mit einem Ausblick auf 2010. Fraunhofer ISI (2000). | + | |
+ | Emission factors from natural gas transmission will be updated according to results of the UNEP OGMP 2.0 measurement programm (1.B.2.b.iv) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== References ===== | ||
+ | [(WEG2008> | ||
+ | [(EXXON2014> | ||
+ | [(ZOELLNER2014> | ||
+ | [(GASUNIE2014> | ||
+ | [(OHLEN2019> | ||
+ | [(GROSSE2019> | ||
+ | [(LANGER2012> | ||
+ | [(BDEW2016> | ||
+ | [(GOTTWALD2012> | ||
+ | [(MUELLERSYRING2014> | ||
+ | [(AGEB2019a> | ||
+ | [(REICHERTSCHOEN2020> | ||
+ | [(DVGW2018> | ||