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sector:energy:fugitive:oil:start [2021/03/15 12:55] – Added Joas2004 gniffkesector:energy:fugitive:oil:start [2024/11/06 15:10] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 | 1.B.2.a.v       |  -          |  -    |  -    |  -/T    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -      | | 1.B.2.a.v       |  -          |  -    |  -    |  -/T    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    |  -    |  -     |  -      |
  
 +.
  
 +{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
  
  
  
-==== 1.B.2.a.i - Exploration, production, transport ====+===== 1.B.2.a.i - Exploration, production, transport =====
  
  
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-==== 1.B.2.a.i v- Refining / storage ====+===== 1.B.2.a.iv- Refining / storage ===== 
 + 
 +{{ :sector:energy:fugitive:oil:sachtleben_chemie.png?nolink&400|}}
  
 Emissions in category 1.B.2.a.iv - Refining / storage consist of emissions from activities of refineries and of refining companies in the petroleum industry. Crude oil and intermediate petroleum products are processed in Germany. For the most part, the companies concerned receive crude oil for refining and processing. To some extent, intermediate petroleum products undergo further processing outside of refineries in processing networks. Such processing takes place in state-of-the-art plants. Emissions in category 1.B.2.a.iv - Refining / storage consist of emissions from activities of refineries and of refining companies in the petroleum industry. Crude oil and intermediate petroleum products are processed in Germany. For the most part, the companies concerned receive crude oil for refining and processing. To some extent, intermediate petroleum products undergo further processing outside of refineries in processing networks. Such processing takes place in state-of-the-art plants.
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 Tanks are emptied and cleaned routinely before tank inspections and repairs. In tank cleaning, a distinction is made between crude-oil tanks and product tanks. Because sediments accumulate in crude oil tanks, cleaning these tanks, in comparison to cleaning product tanks, is a considerably more laborious process. The substances in product tanks produce no sediments and thus are cleaned only when the products they contain are changed. In keeping with an assessment of Müller-BBM (2010)[(MBBM2010)], the emission factors for storage of crude oil and of petroleum products may be assumed to take the cleaning processes into account. Tanks are emptied and cleaned routinely before tank inspections and repairs. In tank cleaning, a distinction is made between crude-oil tanks and product tanks. Because sediments accumulate in crude oil tanks, cleaning these tanks, in comparison to cleaning product tanks, is a considerably more laborious process. The substances in product tanks produce no sediments and thus are cleaned only when the products they contain are changed. In keeping with an assessment of Müller-BBM (2010)[(MBBM2010)], the emission factors for storage of crude oil and of petroleum products may be assumed to take the cleaning processes into account.
  
-^ activity data                                                                         ^  unit     ^  1990     ^  1995     ^  2000     ^  2005     ^  2010     ^  2015     ^  2018     ^  2019     ^ +^ activity data                                                      ^  unit     ^  1990     ^  1995     ^  2000     ^  2005     ^  2010     ^  2015     ^  2018     ^  2019     ^ 
-| Quantity of crude oil refined                                                         |  kt       |  107,058  |  96,475   |  107,632  |  114,589  |  95,378   |  93,391   |  87,676   |  87,000   | +| Quantity of crude oil refined                                      |  kt       |  107,058  |  96,475   |  107,632  |  114,589  |  95,378   |  93,391   |  87,676   |  87,000   | 
-| Capacity utilisation in refineries                                                    |  %        |  106      |  92       |  95       |  99       |  81       |  91       |  85       |  85       | +| Capacity utilisation in refineries                                 |  %        |  106      |  92       |  95       |  99       |  81       |  91       |  85       |  85       | 
-| Crude-oil-refining capacity in refineries                                             |  kt       |  100,765  |  104,750  |  112,940  |  115,630  |  117,630  |  103,080  |  102,655  |  102,700  | +| Crude-oil-refining capacity in refineries                          |  kt       |  100,765  |  104,750  |  112,940  |  115,630  |  117,630  |  103,080  |  102,655  |  102,700  | 
-| Tank-storage capacity in refineries and pipeline terminals                            |  Mill m³  |  27,1     |  28,4     |  24,9     |  24       |  22,5     |  22       |  20,8     |  20,7     | +| Tank-storage capacity in refineries and pipeline terminals         |  Mill m³  |  27,1     |  28,4     |  24,9     |  24       |  22,5     |  22       |  20,8     |  20,7     | 
-| Storage capacity of tank-storage facilities outside of refineries, including caverns  |  Mill m³  |  15,4     |  15,9     |  18,1     |  17       |  15,9     |  15,3     |  15,5     |  15,4     | +| Storage capacity of tank-storage facilities outside of refineries  |  Mill m³  |  15,4     |  15,9     |  18,1     |  17       |  15,9     |  15,3     |  15,5     |  15,4     | 
-| Storage capacity of caverns                                                           |  Mill m³  |  26,6     |  25,3     |  27,9     |  27,2     |  27,2     |  25,5     |  25,5     |  26,7     |+| Storage capacity of caverns                                        |  Mill m³  |  26,6     |  25,3     |  27,9     |  27,2     |  27,2     |  25,5     |  25,5     |  26,7     |
  
 **Processing** **Processing**
-{{ :sector:energy:fugitive:oil:raffinerie.jpg?nolink&400|}} 
 The emission factors used for NMVOC, CO, NOₓ and SO₂ were determined by evaluating the emission declarations of the period 2004 through 2016 in the framework of a research project (Bender & von Müller, 2019) [(Bender2019)]. The emission factors used for NMVOC, CO, NOₓ and SO₂ were determined by evaluating the emission declarations of the period 2004 through 2016 in the framework of a research project (Bender & von Müller, 2019) [(Bender2019)].
  
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 The emission factors used for NMVOC, CO, NOₓ und SO₂ were determined by evaluating emission declarations from refineries for the period 2004 through 2016, in the framework of a research project (Bender & von Müller, 2019)[(Bender2019)]. Since no data was available for earlier years, the data obtained this way was used for all years as of 1990. The emission factors used for NMVOC, CO, NOₓ und SO₂ were determined by evaluating emission declarations from refineries for the period 2004 through 2016, in the framework of a research project (Bender & von Müller, 2019)[(Bender2019)]. Since no data was available for earlier years, the data obtained this way was used for all years as of 1990.
  
 +{{ :sector:energy:fugitive:oil:raffinerie.jpg?nolink&400|}}
  
 ^ Source of emission factor                                                               ^ Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value      ^ ^ Source of emission factor                                                               ^ Substance  ^ Unit   ^ Value      ^
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 | Claus Plants                                                                            |  CO        |  kg/t  |  0.0036    | | Claus Plants                                                                            |  CO        |  kg/t  |  0.0036    |
  
-==== 1.B.2.a.v- Distribution of oil products ====+<WRAP center round info 80%> 
 +Emissions from storage currently consider all refinery products. It is planed to split those emissions into fuel-related and chemical-product-related emissions. While fuel-related will still be reported under 1.B.2 emissions other then fuels (like naphtha, methanol etc.) will be reported under [[sector:ippu:chemical_industry:storage_handling_transport_chemicals:start|2.B.10.b - Storage, Handling and Transport of Chemical Products]] in submission 2022. 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 + 
 +===== 1.B.2.a.v- Distribution of oil products =====
  
 In category 1.B.2.a.v - Distribution of oil products, the emissions from distribution of oil products are described. Petroleum products are transported by ship, product pipelines, railway tanker cars and tanker trucks, and they are transferred from tank to tank. The main sources of NMVOC emissions from petrol distribution as a whole were fugitive emissions from handling and transfer (filling/unloading) and container losses (tank breathing). In category 1.B.2.a.v - Distribution of oil products, the emissions from distribution of oil products are described. Petroleum products are transported by ship, product pipelines, railway tanker cars and tanker trucks, and they are transferred from tank to tank. The main sources of NMVOC emissions from petrol distribution as a whole were fugitive emissions from handling and transfer (filling/unloading) and container losses (tank breathing).
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 Significant quantities of fugitive VOC emissions are released into the environment during transfers from tanker vehicles to storage facilities and during refuelling of vehicles. To determine emissions, a standardised emission factor of 1.4 kg/t is used. This value refers to the saturation concentration for hydrocarbon vapours and thus, corresponds to the maximum possible emissions level in the absence of reduction measures.  Significant quantities of fugitive VOC emissions are released into the environment during transfers from tanker vehicles to storage facilities and during refuelling of vehicles. To determine emissions, a standardised emission factor of 1.4 kg/t is used. This value refers to the saturation concentration for hydrocarbon vapours and thus, corresponds to the maximum possible emissions level in the absence of reduction measures. 
-The immission-control regulations issued in 1992 and 1993 (20th BImSchV, 2017; 21st BImSchV, 2017) that required filling stations to limit such emissions promoted a range of reduction measures. The relevant reductions affect both the area of gasoline transfer and storage (20th BImSchV, 2017) and the area of fuelling of vehicles with gasoline at filling stations (21st BImSchV).+The immission-control regulations issued in 1992 and 1993 (20th BImSchV [(BimSchV20)]; 21st BImSchV, [(BimSchV21)]) that required filling stations to limit such emissions promoted a range of reduction measures. The relevant reductions affect both the area of gasoline transfer and storage (20th BImSchV) and the area of fuelling of vehicles with gasoline at filling stations (21st BImSchV).
 The use of required emissions-control equipment, such as vapour-balancing (20th BImSchV) and vapour-recovery (21st BImSchV) systems, along with the use of automatic monitoring systems (via the amendment of the 21st BImSchV on 6 May 2002), have brought about continual reductions of VOC emissions; the relevant high levels of use of such equipment are shown in the table below (Table 151).  The use of required emissions-control equipment, such as vapour-balancing (20th BImSchV) and vapour-recovery (21st BImSchV) systems, along with the use of automatic monitoring systems (via the amendment of the 21st BImSchV on 6 May 2002), have brought about continual reductions of VOC emissions; the relevant high levels of use of such equipment are shown in the table below (Table 151). 
 In emissions calculation, the two ordinances’ utilisation and efficiency requirements for filling stations in service are taken into account. The following assumptions, based on the technical options currently available, are applied: In emissions calculation, the two ordinances’ utilisation and efficiency requirements for filling stations in service are taken into account. The following assumptions, based on the technical options currently available, are applied:
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 In addition, permeation of hydrocarbons occurs in tank hoses. The DIN EN 1360 standard sets a limit of 12 ml / hose meter per day for such permeation. From analysis of measurements, UBA experts have adopted a conservative factor of 10ml/m per day. That factor is used to determine the NMVOC emissions. The calculation is carried out in accordance with the pertinent formula of the University of Stuttgart's Institute for Machine Components [(HAAS2015)]: In addition, permeation of hydrocarbons occurs in tank hoses. The DIN EN 1360 standard sets a limit of 12 ml / hose meter per day for such permeation. From analysis of measurements, UBA experts have adopted a conservative factor of 10ml/m per day. That factor is used to determine the NMVOC emissions. The calculation is carried out in accordance with the pertinent formula of the University of Stuttgart's Institute for Machine Components [(HAAS2015)]:
  
 +
 +
 +<WRAP center round box 80%>
 Number of service stations * number of fuel pumps per service station * number of hoses per fuel pump * hose length * emission factor.  Number of service stations * number of fuel pumps per service station * number of hoses per fuel pump * hose length * emission factor. 
- +</WRAP> 
  
 **Cleaning of transport vehicles** **Cleaning of transport vehicles**
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-Generally, the emission factors listed below have been verified by the study (Theloke et al., 2013) [Theloke2013]. +Generally, the emission factors listed below have been verified by the study [(THELOKE2013)]. 
  
 ^ **Process responsible for NMVOC emissions**                                                                                              ^                     ^ Emission factor [kg/t]  ^ ^ **Process responsible for NMVOC emissions**                                                                                              ^                     ^ Emission factor [kg/t]  ^
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 | Transports from refineries to transport vehicles                                                                                         |  light heating oil  | 0.0053                  | | Transports from refineries to transport vehicles                                                                                         |  light heating oil  | 0.0053                  |
 | Transfers from filling-station tanks to vehicle tanks                                                                                    |  light heating oil  | 0.0063                  | | Transfers from filling-station tanks to vehicle tanks                                                                                    |  light heating oil  | 0.0063                  |
 +
 +===== Recalculations =====
 +
 +Please refer to overarching chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]]
 +
 +===== Planned improvements =====
 +
 +Emissions from storage of refinery products will be divided up to fuels (under 1.B) and chemical products (2.B) - please see info box under 1.B.2.a.iv.
 +===== References =====
  
  
 [(MWV>MWV (2020). Annual report of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry „Jahresbericht 2020“ [[https://www.mwv.de/publikationen/jahresberichte/|External Link]] )] [(MWV>MWV (2020). Annual report of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry „Jahresbericht 2020“ [[https://www.mwv.de/publikationen/jahresberichte/|External Link]] )]
-[(BVEG>BVEG (2019). Annual report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Die E&P-Industrie in Zahlen. Statisticher Bericht 2019: Zahlen”. [[https://www.bveg.de/content/download/13460/154828/file/BVEG%20Statistischer%20Bericht%202019.pdf|External Link, PDF]] )] +[(BVEG>BVEG (2019). Annual report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Die E&P-Industrie in Zahlen. Statisticher Bericht 2019: Zahlen”. [[https://www.bveg.de/der-verband/publikationen/statistischer-jahresbericht-2019/|External Link]] )] 
-[(WEG2008>WEG (2008). Report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Erdgas – Erdöl. Entstehung-Suche-Förderung", Hannover, 34 S. [[https://www.bveg.de/content/download/1990/11317/file/Erdgas%20Erd%C3%B6l%20Entstehung%20Suche%20F%C3%B6rderung.pdf|External Link, PDF]] )]+[(WEG2008>WEG (2008). Report of the Association of Oil and Gas Producing "Erdgas – Erdöl. Entstehung-Suche-Förderung", Hannover, 34 S. [[https://www.bveg.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/BVEG-Leitfaden-Bohrungsintegritaet_Technische-Regel.pdf|External Link, PDF]] )]
 [(IPCC2006>IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/|External Link]] )] [(IPCC2006>IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. [[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/|External Link]] )]
 [(THELOKE2013>Theloke, J., Kampffmeyer, T., Kugler, U., Friedrich, R., Schilling, S., Wolf, L., & Springwald, T. (2013). Ermittlung von Emissionsfaktoren und Aktivitätsraten im Bereich IPCC (1996) 1.B.2.a. i-vi - Diffuse Emissionen aus Mineralöl und Mineralölprodukten (Förderkennzeichen 360 16 033). Stuttgart. )] [(THELOKE2013>Theloke, J., Kampffmeyer, T., Kugler, U., Friedrich, R., Schilling, S., Wolf, L., & Springwald, T. (2013). Ermittlung von Emissionsfaktoren und Aktivitätsraten im Bereich IPCC (1996) 1.B.2.a. i-vi - Diffuse Emissionen aus Mineralöl und Mineralölprodukten (Förderkennzeichen 360 16 033). Stuttgart. )]
 [(CECH2017>Cech, M., Davis, P., Gambardella, F., Haskamp, A., González, P. H., Spence, M., & Larivé, J.-F. (2017). Performance of European cross-country oil pipelines - Statistical summary of reported spillages in 2015 and since 1971 [[https://www.concawe.eu/publications/concawe-reports/|External Link]] )] [(CECH2017>Cech, M., Davis, P., Gambardella, F., Haskamp, A., González, P. H., Spence, M., & Larivé, J.-F. (2017). Performance of European cross-country oil pipelines - Statistical summary of reported spillages in 2015 and since 1971 [[https://www.concawe.eu/publications/concawe-reports/|External Link]] )]
-[(MBBM2010>Müller-BBM (2010). UBA research project No. 3707 42 103/ 01,  Aufbereitung von Daten der Emissionserklärungen gemäß 11. BImSchV aus dem Jahre 2004 für die Verwendung bei der UNFCC- und UNECE-Berichterstattung - Bereich Lageranlagen (Bericht Nr. M74 244/7, UBA FKZ 3707 42 103/01). [[http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3923.pdf|External Link]] )]+[(MBBM2010>Müller-BBM (2010). UBA research project No. 3707 42 103/ 01,  Aufbereitung von Daten der Emissionserklärungen gemäß 11. BImSchV aus dem Jahre 2004 für die Verwendung bei der UNFCC- und UNECE-Berichterstattung - Bereich Lageranlagen (Bericht Nr. M74 244/7, UBA FKZ 3707 42 103/01). [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3923.pdf|External Link]] )]
 [(Bender2019>Bender, M., & von Müller, G. (2019). Konsolidierung der Treibhausgasemissionsberechnungen unter der 2. Verpflichtungsperiode des Kyoto-Protokolls und der neuen Klimaschutz-Berichterstattungspflichten an die EU (FKZ 3716 41 107 0).)] [(Bender2019>Bender, M., & von Müller, G. (2019). Konsolidierung der Treibhausgasemissionsberechnungen unter der 2. Verpflichtungsperiode des Kyoto-Protokolls und der neuen Klimaschutz-Berichterstattungspflichten an die EU (FKZ 3716 41 107 0).)]
 [(VDI2000>VDI (2000). VDI-Richtlinie 2440: Emissionsminderung - Mineralölraffinerien, published by V. D. I. )] [(VDI2000>VDI (2000). VDI-Richtlinie 2440: Emissionsminderung - Mineralölraffinerien, published by V. D. I. )]
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 [(JOAS2004>Dr. R. Joas; A. Potrykus; R. Schott; S. Wenzel (2004). "VOC-Minderungspotenzial beim Transport und Umschlag von Mineralölprodukten mittels Kesselwagen", FKZ 202 44 372, UBA-Texte 12/2004, Dessau. [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/voc-minderungspotenzial-beim-transport-umschlag-von|External Link]] )] [(JOAS2004>Dr. R. Joas; A. Potrykus; R. Schott; S. Wenzel (2004). "VOC-Minderungspotenzial beim Transport und Umschlag von Mineralölprodukten mittels Kesselwagen", FKZ 202 44 372, UBA-Texte 12/2004, Dessau. [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/voc-minderungspotenzial-beim-transport-umschlag-von|External Link]] )]
 [(HAAS2015>Haas, W. (2015). Kraftstoffpermeation an Zapfsäulen.)] [(HAAS2015>Haas, W. (2015). Kraftstoffpermeation an Zapfsäulen.)]
 +[(BimSchV20>20. BImSchV - Zwanzigste Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen beim Umfüllen oder Lagern von Ottokraftstoffen, Kraftstoffgemischen oder Rohbenzin) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 18. August 2014(BGBl. I S. 1447), die durch Artikel 2 der Verordnung vom 24. März 2017 (BGBl. I S. 656) geändert worden ist, published by BGBl (2017). )] 
 +[(BimSchV21>21. BImSchV - Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Kohlenwasserstoffemissionen bei der Betankung von Kraftfahrzeugen in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 18. August 2014 (BGBl. I S. 1453), die zuletzt durch Artikel 3 der Verordnung vom 24. März 2017 (BGBl. I S. 656) geändert worden ist, published by BGBl. (2017). )]