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sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2021/04/14 09:35] – [Method] plickert | sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
- | Source category | + | The source subcategory |
^ Category Code ^ Method | ^ Category Code ^ Method | ||
| 2.C.1 | T2 ||||| NS | | 2.C.1 | T2 ||||| NS | ||
- | ^ Key Category | + | ^ Key Category |
| 2.C.1 | L/- | | 2.C.1 | L/- | ||
{{page> | {{page> | ||
- | In 2019 a total of 27.7 million | + | In 2019 a total of 27.7 million |
- | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). The last Siemens-Martin | + | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). The last Siemens-Martin |
- | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 - 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under [[: | + | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 to 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under 1.A Fuel combustions in the respective subcategory |
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=== Activity data === | === Activity data === | ||
- | Activity data are is collected from plant operators by national institutions. | + | Activity data is collected from plant operators by national institutions. |
- | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of compliance issues, aggregated figures from emissions trading were used instead. The consistency of emissions trading data has been verified against comparative figures for previous years. The deviations were less than 1%, only in sinter production they are noticeably higher (maximum + 8%). | + | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of compliance issues, aggregated figures from emissions trading were used instead. The consistency of emissions trading data was verified against comparative figures for previous years. The deviations were less than 1%; only in sinter production |
- | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents, instead | + | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents of coke and coal. To date, these materials have not yet been included in the national statistics |
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=== Emission factors === | === Emission factors === | ||
- | The emission factors used for emissions | + | The emission factors used to calculate |
- | As the EF for the years 1995 - 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data, it is not possible to distinguish between combustion and process emissions (they are emitted via the same stacks). Hence whereever plant-based EF were availaible, i.e. for most pollutants for the years 1995 and later, all emissions are reported under 2.C.1. | + | |
- | Please note that the reported emissions now also cover diffuse emissions from sources that were not covered in previous reporting periods, nor in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled | + | As the EF for the years 1995 to 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data. Since both combustion |
- | __Table 1: Overview of applied emission factors applied for sinter production__ | + | Please note that the reported emissions also cover diffuse emissions from sources that are not covered in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled |
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1990 ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | |
- | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | + | |
- | | CO | | 19.152 || 17.325 | 15.497 | 14.4 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | HCB | | 0.03 |||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||||kg/t |constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | | IE || 0.558 |0.46 | 0.401 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PAH | | 320.00 | 248.571 |177.143 | 120 ||| mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | | 5.299 |||3.242 | 1.7 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCB | |3.0 | 2.285714 |1.571429 | 1 ||| mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | |6.0 | 4.575 |3.149 |1.724 |0.796 |0.578 |µg/t |falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | | IE || 1.08 |0.837 | 0.691 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | | 0.214 |0.206 |0.13 | 0.056 || kg/t |falling | | + | |
- | __Table | + | __Table |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1990 ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | ||
+ | | CO | | 19.152 | ||
+ | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 | g/t | | ||
+ | | HCB | | 0.03 ||||| mg/t | | ||
+ | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 | g/t | | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||| kg/t | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | 320.00 | ||
+ | | Pb | | 5.299 ||| 3.242 | 1.7 | g/t | | ||
+ | | PCB | | 3.0 | 2.285714 | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 6.0 | 4.575 | 3.149 | 1.724 | 0.796 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | | 0.65 | 0.465 | 0.234 | 0.096 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | | 0.046 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 2: Overview |
- | | B(a)P | | 0.05 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cd | channelled | 0.004 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cd | diffuse | 0.000203 | + | |
- | | CO | channelled | 1.18 | 0.915 | 0.65 | 0.491 | 0.491 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | diffuse | 0.398 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.002436 | 0.000192 | 0.000015 | 0.000003 | 0.000003 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Hg | diffuse | 0.005 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.018525 | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.0517 | 0.0517 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | 0.001 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 0.022 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | 0.011 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.242 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | 0.04 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.008 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.016 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.007 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | B(a)P | | ||
+ | | Cd | channelled | ||
+ | | Cd | diffuse | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | ||
+ | | Hg | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCDD/ | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 3: Overview of applied emission factors applied for oxygen steel production__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 3: Overview |
- | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | | 11.500 | 11.077 | 10.654 | 10.400 | 10.400 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | 0.028 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 0.006 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | + | |
- | | PAH | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | 0.189 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | + | |
- | | PCB | | 2.670 | 1.740 | 1 | 1 | 1 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | 0.069 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | 0.024 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.093 | 0.020 | 0.020 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.017 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | ||
+ | | CO | | 11.500 | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 4: Overview of applied emission factors applied for electric steel production__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table |
- | | B(a)P | | 2.531 | 1.661 | 0.792 | 0.271 | 0.271 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | 0.366 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | diffuse | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | 0.323 | g/t | fluctuating | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | + | |
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | 0.070 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | 0.124 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.035 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.122 | 0.12 | 0.106 | 0.098 | 0.098 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | + | |
- | | PAH | | 45 | 22 | 3.793 | 3.790 | 3.793 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | 0.170 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | + | |
- | | PCB | | 5.68 | 3.360 | 1.500 | 1.500 | 1.500 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.113 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.018 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | 0.043 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.179 | 0.08 | 0.051 | 0.013 | 0.013 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | | | | 0.007 | 0.007 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.045 | 0.04 | 0.038 | 0.011 | 0.011 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | B(a)P | | 2.531 | 1.661 | 0.792 | 0.271 | mg/t | | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | g/t | | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 5: Overview of applied emission factors applied for hot and cold rolling__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant | + | __Table |
- | | CO | + | |
- | | NH3 | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | + | |
- | | NOx | | + | |
- | | SO2 | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | CO | ||
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 6: Overview of applied emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant | + | __Table 6: Overview of the emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ |
+ | |||
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
| B(a)P | 10 | mg/t | constant | | | B(a)P | 10 | mg/t | constant | | ||
- | | NH3 | 0.027 | kg/t | falling | | + | | NH< |
| NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | NOx | 0.242 | kg/t | falling | | + | | NO< |
| PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | | ||
| PCDD/F | 0.190 | µg/t | constant | | | PCDD/F | 0.190 | µg/t | constant | | ||
- | | SO2 | 0.256 | kg/t | falling | | + | | SO< |
| TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | PM10 | 0.137 | kg/t | constant | | + | | PM< |
- | | PM2.5 | 0.0836 | kg/t | constant | | + | | PM< |
=====Discussion of emission trends===== | =====Discussion of emission trends===== | ||
- | Trends | + | The trends |
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Replacing data of the preliminary energy balance with data of the final energy balance | + | Replacing data of the preliminary energy balance with data of the final energy balance |
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
- | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: | + | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables |
</ | </ | ||
===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
- | HCB emissions have not been included | + | HCB emissions |
+ | |||
+ | For **sinter production**, |