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sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2021/02/23 11:39] – [Method] Tabelle 6 eingefügt reichel | sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
- | Source category | + | The source subcategory |
- | ^ | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
- | | T2 | NS | CS | + | | 2.C.1 |
+ | ^ Key Category | ||
+ | | 2.C.1 | L/- | | ||
{{page> | {{page> | ||
+ | In 2019 a total of 27.7 million tonnes of raw steel were produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another 11.9 million tonnes.\\ | ||
- | The last Siemens-Martin | + | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). |
- | The other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). | + | |
- | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 - 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under 1.A.2.a. | + | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 to 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under 1.A Fuel combustions in the respective subcategory [[: |
- | In 2019 a total of million t of raw steel was produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another | ||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
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=== Activity data === | === Activity data === | ||
- | Activity data are surveyed | + | Activity data is collected from plant operators |
- | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents, instead of coke. To date, these materials have not yet been included in the national statistics and in the Energy Balance. For this reason, the data used was provided by the steel trade association (Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl). | + | |
- | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of competition problems, aggregated | + | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of compliance issues, aggregated |
- | === Emission factors === | + | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents of coke and coal. To date, these materials have not yet been included in the national statistics nor in the Energy Balance. For this reason, the data used is also provided by WV Stahl. |
- | The emission factors used for emissions calculation are based on emission data from individual plants, either determined by the Umweltbundesamt (UBA) itself (emission factors for 1995 - 2001) or by a research project (emission factors for 2008). \\ | ||
- | As the EF for the years 1995 - 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data, it is not possible to distinguish between combustion and process emissions (they are emitted via the same stacks). Hence whereever plant-based EF were availaible, i.e. for most pollutants for the years 1995 and later, all emissions are reported under 2.C.1. | ||
- | Please note that the reported emissions now also cover diffuse emissions from sources that were not covered in previous reporting periods, nor in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled as well as diffuse emissions have been determined. While there is sufficient knowledge and measurement data of channelled emissions, the emission data concerning diffuse sources is usually based on estimations, | ||
- | __Table 1: Overview of applied emission | + | === Emission |
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1990 ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | |
- | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | + | |
- | | CO | | 19.152 | + | |
- | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | HCB | | 0.03 |||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||||kg/t |constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | | || 0.558 |0.46 | 0.401 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PAH | | 320.00 | 248.571 |177.143 | 120 ||| mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | | 5.299 |||3.242 | 1.7 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCB | |3.0 | 2.285714 |1.571429 | 1 ||| mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | |6.0 | 4.575 |3.149 |1.724 |0.796 |0.578 |µg/t |falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | | || 1.08 |0.837 | 0.691 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | | 0.65 |0.465 |0.234 | 0.096 || kg/t |falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.046 |||||| kg/t |new EF | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | | 0.445 |0.336 |0.177 | 0.07 || kg/t |falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.016 |||||| kg/t |new EF | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | | 0.214 |0.206 |0.13 | 0.056 || kg/t |falling | | + | |
- | __Table 2: Overview of applied | + | The emission factors |
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | As the EF for the years 1995 to 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data. Since both combustion and process-related emissions are released through the same stacks, emission factors could not be calculated individually for combustion or process-related emissions. Hence, wherever plant-based |
- | | B(a)P | | 0.05 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cd | channelled | 0.004 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cd | diffuse | 0.000203 | + | |
- | | CO | channelled | 1.18 | 0.915 | 0.65 | 0.491 | 0.491 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | diffuse | 0.398 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.002436 | 0.000192 | 0.000015 | 0.000003 | 0.000003 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Hg | diffuse | 0.005 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.018525 | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.0517 | 0.0517 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | 0.001 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 0.022 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | 0.011 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.242 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | 0.04 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.008 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.016 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.007 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | Please note that the reported emissions also cover diffuse emissions from sources that are not covered in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled as well as diffuse emissions have been determined. While there is sufficient knowledge and measurement data of channelled emissions, the emission data concerning diffuse sources is usually based on estimations using parameters adapted to the local conditions of the individual emission source. Therefore, emission data for one source of diffuse emissions is not significant for the diffuse emissions from other plants. The emission factors given below were calculated as the weighted average of the pollution loads reported by the plant operators for individual diffuse sources, in relation to their corresponding production amounts. | ||
- | __Table | + | __Table |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1990 ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | ||
+ | | CO | | 19.152 | ||
+ | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 | g/t | | ||
+ | | HCB | | 0.03 ||||| mg/t | | ||
+ | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 | g/t | | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||| kg/t | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | 320.00 | ||
+ | | Pb | | 5.299 ||| 3.242 | 1.7 | g/t | | ||
+ | | PCB | | 3.0 | 2.285714 | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 6.0 | 4.575 | 3.149 | 1.724 | 0.796 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | | 0.65 | 0.465 | 0.234 | 0.096 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | | 0.046 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 2: Overview |
- | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | | 11.5 | 11.077 | 10.654 | 10.4 | 10.4 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | 0.028 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | 0.069 ||||| g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.006 | 0.006 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | 0.004 ||||| g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | 0.0037 | + | |
- | | PAH | | 0.1 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | 0.189 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | 0.278 ||||| g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PCB | | 2.67 | 1.74 | 1 | 1 | 1 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.069 | 0.069 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | 0.001 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | 0.024 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.049 ||||| kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.093 | 0.02 | 0.02 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.019 ||||| kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.017 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | B(a)P | | ||
+ | | Cd | channelled | ||
+ | | Cd | diffuse | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | ||
+ | | Hg | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCDD/ | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 4: Overview of applied emission factors applied for electric steel production__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 3: Overview |
- | | B(a)P | | 2.531 | 1.661 | 0.792 | 0.271 | 0.271 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cd | | 0.24 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | channelled | 1.7 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | 0.366 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | diffuse | 0.001 ||||| kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | 0.323 | g/t | fluctuating | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | 0.851 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.07 | 0.07 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | 0.124 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | 0.284 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.035 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.122 | 0.12 | 0.106 | 0.098 | 0.098 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | 0.014 ||||| kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PAH | | 45 | 22 | 3.793 | 3.79 | 3.793 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.72 | 0.17 | 0.17 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | 0.056 ||||| g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PCB | | 5.68 | 3.36 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.113 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | 0.004 ||||| kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.018 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | 0.043 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.179 | 0.08 | 0.051 | 0.013 | 0.013 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | | | | 0.007 | 0.007 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.045 | 0.04 | 0.038 | 0.011 | 0.011 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | ||
+ | | CO | | 11.500 | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 5: Overview of applied emission factors applied for hot and cold rolling__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 4: Overview |
- | | CO | | | | | 0.005 | 0.005 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NH3 | | | 0.7 |||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | | 0.003 |||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | | | 0.41 | 0.276 | 0.196 | 0.196 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | | | 0.059 | 0.05 | 0.044 | 0.044 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | | | | 0.02 | 0.02 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.01 | 0.01 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | | | | 0.304 | 0.304 | g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | | | | 0.645 | 0.645 | g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | | | | 0.266 | 0.266 | g/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | B(a)P | | 2.531 | 1.661 | 0.792 | 0.271 | mg/t | | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | g/t | | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 6: Overview of applied emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ EF 2010 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table |
- | | B(a)P | 10 | mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NH3 | 0.027 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | 0.15 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | 0.242 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PAH | 100 | mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | 0.19 | µg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | 0.256 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | 0.2 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | 0.137 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | 0.0836 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | CO | ||
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | === Uncertainties === | ||
- | [Text einfügen] | + | __Table 6: Overview of the emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ |
+ | |||
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ Trend ^ | ||
+ | | B(a)P | 10 | mg/t | constant | | ||
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | 0.190 | µg/t | constant | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
=====Discussion of emission trends===== | =====Discussion of emission trends===== | ||
- | Trends | + | The trends |
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Replacing data of the preliminary energy balance with data of the final energy balance | + | Replacing data of the preliminary energy balance with data of the final energy balance |
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
- | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: | + | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables |
</ | </ | ||
===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
- | HCB emissions have not been included | + | HCB emissions |
+ | |||
+ | For **sinter production**, |