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sector:ippu:pulp_paper_food:pulp_and_paper_industry:start [2021/02/26 13:16] – gniffkesector:ippu:pulp_paper_food:pulp_and_paper_industry:start [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ==== Sulphate process ==== ==== Sulphate process ====
  
-The sulphate or kraft process is the world's most common pulping process, since it yields higher pulp strengths and can be used with all types of wood. In the kraft pulp process the active cooking chemicals (white liquor) are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulphate (Na2S). The term "sulphate" is derived from the make up chemical sodium sulphate which is added in the recovery cycle to compensate for chemical losses. In the two German plants, carbonate is extracted from the circulation of liquor via bonding with calcium (causticising) and then, in a separate lime oven; the burnt lime is then reused for causticising.+The sulphate or kraft process is the world's most common pulping process, since it yields higher pulp strengths and can be used with all types of wood. In the kraft pulp process the active cooking chemicals (white liquor) are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulphate (Na₂S). The term "sulphate" is derived from the make up chemical sodium sulphate which is added in the recovery cycle to compensate for chemical losses. In the two German plants, carbonate is extracted from the circulation of liquor via bonding with calcium (causticising) and then, in a separate lime oven; the burnt lime is then reused for causticising.
  
 This process produces atmospheric emissions in chemical recovery (boilers), in bark combustion, from lime kiln - from the combustion of strong and weak non-condensable gases (NCG) in dedicated burner, in wood-chip storage, in pulp digestion, in pulp washing, in bleaching, in bleach-chemical processing, in evaporation, in sorting and washing, in processing of circulating water and in operation of various types of tanks. Such emissions include fugitive emissions that occur at various processing points – primarily in (liquor)-recovery boilers, lime kilns and auxiliary boilers. The main components of emissions include nitrogen oxides, sulphur-containing compounds, such as sulphur dioxide, and NCG which consists mainly out of reduced sulphur compounds. This process produces atmospheric emissions in chemical recovery (boilers), in bark combustion, from lime kiln - from the combustion of strong and weak non-condensable gases (NCG) in dedicated burner, in wood-chip storage, in pulp digestion, in pulp washing, in bleaching, in bleach-chemical processing, in evaporation, in sorting and washing, in processing of circulating water and in operation of various types of tanks. Such emissions include fugitive emissions that occur at various processing points – primarily in (liquor)-recovery boilers, lime kilns and auxiliary boilers. The main components of emissions include nitrogen oxides, sulphur-containing compounds, such as sulphur dioxide, and NCG which consists mainly out of reduced sulphur compounds.
  
-The two German sulphate-pulping plants are fitted with a system for post-incineration of NCG equipped with wet scrubbers for SOx removal and with systems for NOx-reduced combustion in recovery boilers (>20 % NOx reduction; figures of the German Pulp and Paper Association (VDP, September 2004).+The two German sulphate-pulping plants are fitted with a system for post-incineration of NCG equipped with wet scrubbers for SOₓ removal and with systems for NOx-reduced combustion in recovery boilers (>20 % NOₓ reduction; figures of the German Pulp and Paper Association (VDP, September 2004).
  
 ==== Sulphite process ==== ==== Sulphite process ====
  
-Sulphite pulp is produced in 4 of 6 installations in Germany. In such plants, pulping is based on the use of aqueous sulphur dioxide (SO2) and a base - calcium, sodium, magnesium or ammonium. The sulphate process and the sulphite process have numerous similarities, including similarities with regard to possibilities for using various internal and external measures to reduce emissions. From the standpoint of environmental protection, the main differences between the two pulp-production processes have to do with chemical aspects of the boiling process, with aspects of preparation and post-processing of chemicals and with bleaching intensity – bleaching in sulphite plants is less intensive, since sulphite pulp is whiter than sulphate pulp.+Sulphite pulp is produced in 4 of 6 installations in Germany. In such plants, pulping is based on the use of aqueous sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and a base - calcium, sodium, magnesium or ammonium. The sulphate process and the sulphite process have numerous similarities, including similarities with regard to possibilities for using various internal and external measures to reduce emissions. From the standpoint of environmental protection, the main differences between the two pulp-production processes have to do with chemical aspects of the boiling process, with aspects of preparation and post-processing of chemicals and with bleaching intensity – bleaching in sulphite plants is less intensive, since sulphite pulp is whiter than sulphate pulp.
  
 Atmospheric emissions occur especially in recovery (boilers) and in bark combustion. Atmospheric emissions occur especially in recovery (boilers) and in bark combustion.
-Waste-gas emissions with less-concentrated SO2 are released in washing and sorting processes, and they are released by ventilation shafts of evaporators and by various tanks. Such emissions escape – in part, as fugitive emissions – at various points of the process.+Waste-gas emissions with less-concentrated SO₂ are released in washing and sorting processes, and they are released by ventilation shafts of evaporators and by various tanks. Such emissions escape – in part, as fugitive emissions – at various points of the process.
  
 They consist primarily of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust. A number of measures are available for reducing consumption of fresh steam and electrical energy and for increasing plant-internal generation of steam and electricity. Sulphite pulp mills can generate their own heat and electricity by using the thermal energy in concentrated liquor, bark and waste wood. Integrated plants require additional amounts of steam and electricity, however; these additional amounts can be generated in either in on-site facilities or at off-site locations. Integrated sulphite pulp and paper mills consume 18 - 24 GJ of process heat, and 1.2 - 1.5 MWh of electrical energy, per tonne of pulp. They consist primarily of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust. A number of measures are available for reducing consumption of fresh steam and electrical energy and for increasing plant-internal generation of steam and electricity. Sulphite pulp mills can generate their own heat and electricity by using the thermal energy in concentrated liquor, bark and waste wood. Integrated plants require additional amounts of steam and electricity, however; these additional amounts can be generated in either in on-site facilities or at off-site locations. Integrated sulphite pulp and paper mills consume 18 - 24 GJ of process heat, and 1.2 - 1.5 MWh of electrical energy, per tonne of pulp.
  
-All four sulphite pulping plants in Germany are operated with multistage SO2 scrubbers fitted downstream from recovery boilers (>98 % SO2 reduction). One plant is fitted with equipment for NOx-reduced combustion in recovery and auxiliary boilers (total of >40 % NOx reduction, loc. cit.).+All four sulphite pulping plants in Germany are operated with multistage SO₂ scrubbers fitted downstream from recovery boilers (>98 % SO₂ reduction). One plant is fitted with equipment for NOₓ-reduced combustion in recovery and auxiliary boilers (total of >40 % NOₓ reduction, loc. cit.).
  
 ==== Mechanical pulp ==== ==== Mechanical pulp ====
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 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
  
-The figures are available from the base year 1990 onwards and are collected annually by the Association of German Paper Mills compiled in a so-called performance report.+The figures are available from the base year 1990 onwards and are collected annually by the Association of German Paper Mills compiled in a so-called performance report. The separate AD of sulphat pulp and sulphit pulp may not be published, but only in sum.
  
 ==== Emissions factors ==== ==== Emissions factors ====
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 __Table 1: Overview of applied emission factors, in kg/t__ __Table 1: Overview of applied emission factors, in kg/t__
 +^ pollutant  ^ Name of product  ^ EF value  ^
 +| NOₓ        | sulphat pulp     |  1.75     |
 +| NOₓ        | sulphit pulp     |  2.0      |
 +| NMVOC      | sulphat pulp     |  C      |
 +| SO₂        | sulphat pulp     |  0.03     |
 +| SO₂        | sulphit pulp     |  1.0      |
  
- +A range of measures in sulphite pulp production, carried out on a continual basis, led to reductions of SO₂ emissions. 
-A range of measures in sulphite pulp production, carried out on a continual basis, led to reductions of SO2 emissions.+EF of NMVOC is confidential since the AD of sulphat pulp is confidential.
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
-Recalculations were necessary due to revised AD resulting in higher emissions amounts reported for 2017.+With activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised, no recalculations have been carried out compared to last year's submission.
  
-For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2017, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.+<WRAP center round info 60%> 
 +For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]]. 
 +</WRAP>
  
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====