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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2023/03/10 09:16] – [Table] mielkesector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:public_electricity_and_heat_production [2023/04/27 08:30] (current) – [Priority Heavy metal - Hg & Cd] kludt
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 ===== Methodology ===== ===== Methodology =====
  
-A method amounting to Tier 2 is used for emission reporting. This means the use of country-specific data at a more detailed level. Emission factors and activity data are available for different fuel types, different technologies, plant size, etc. The use of plant-specific data for a bottom-up approach is not possible. Although there is a database (POSO) with fuel data including NOx, SOx and TSP emissions for large combustion plants, it is not complete and data quality is not always satisfactory. Therefore only measured and verified data were used.+A method amounting to Tier 2 is used for emission reporting. This means the use of country-specific data at a more detailed level. Emission factors and activity data are available for different fuel types, different technologies, plant size, etc. The use of plant-specific data for a bottom-up approach is not possible. There are fuel data including NOx, SOx and TSP emissions for large combustion plants, but only measured and verified data were used.
  
 ==== Activity data ==== ==== Activity data ====
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 === Conventional fuels === === Conventional fuels ===
  
-The key source of all conventional fuels is the National Energy Balance (NEB) [(AGEB, 2019: National energy balance and Satellite balance for renewable energy: https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/en/data-and-facts/energy-balance-2000-to-2019/)]. The fuel input for electricity production is given in line 11 ("Public thermal power stations") of the National Energy Balance. The fuel inputs for public heat production are given in lines 15 ("combined heat and power stations") and 16 ("district heating stations"). Line 14 ("Hydroelectric, wind-power, photovoltaic systems and other similar systems") comprises all systems/ plants that generate electricity from biogas, landfill gas, sewage-treatment gas or solid biomass and feed the electricity into the public grid. Since no cut-off limit applies for such systems, this category includes very small systems too. German statistics provide only electricity generation data of those biomass plants, who feed into the public grid. But the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) does allow a full registration of electricity generation from renewable energies. However, the calculation of fuel data is connected with high uncertainties, since an average generation efficiency is necessary for the conversion.+The key source of all conventional fuels is the National Energy Balance (NEB) [(AGEB2022> AGEB, 2022: National energy balance and Satellite balance for renewable energy:  https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/en/data-and-facts/energy-balance-2000-to-2030/ )]. The fuel input for electricity production is given in line 11 ("Public thermal power stations") of the National Energy Balance. The fuel inputs for public heat production are given in lines 15 ("combined heat and power stations") and 16 ("district heating stations"). Line 14 ("Hydroelectric, wind-power, photovoltaic systems and other similar systems") comprises all systems/ plants that generate electricity from biogas, landfill gas, sewage-treatment gas or solid biomass and feed the electricity into the public grid. Since no cut-off limit applies for such systems, this category includes very small systems too. German statistics provide only electricity generation data of those biomass plants, who feed into the public grid. But the Renewable Energy Act (EEG) does allow a full registration of electricity generation from renewable energies. However, the calculation of fuel data is connected with high uncertainties, since an average generation efficiency is necessary for the conversion.
  
 Above-mentioned data provided by the NEB are summarised fuel consumption data. To get technical details which are needed for calculating emissions, additional statistical data are used. Above-mentioned data provided by the NEB are summarised fuel consumption data. To get technical details which are needed for calculating emissions, additional statistical data are used.
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 In 2018 and 2019 SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, TSP, PM, CO, NH<sub>3</sub> and Hg emission factors were revised for all large combustion plants. [(UBA 2019: Kristina Juhrich, Rolf Beckers: "Updating the Emission Factors for Large Combustion Plants": https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/updating-emission-factors-large-combustion-plants)]) For the reporting year 2016 a complete data set is available. In former times data were not complete. There was no reporting obligation of co-incineration plants. The large combustion data base was also the data basis of the research project (Fichtner et al. 2011) [(Fichtner et al., 2011: W. Fichtner, U. Karl, R. Hartel, D. Balussou: Large and medium combustion plants, including gasturbines: FKZ 3708 42 301, "Fortschreibung der Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungs- und Gasturbinenanlagen nach 13./17. BImSchV und TA Luft"; DFIU, KIT, and EIFER, 2011; not published)] which was completed in 2011. Since the data set was not complete that time, in some cases a revision until 2004 was necessary. In 2018 and 2019 SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, TSP, PM, CO, NH<sub>3</sub> and Hg emission factors were revised for all large combustion plants. [(UBA 2019: Kristina Juhrich, Rolf Beckers: "Updating the Emission Factors for Large Combustion Plants": https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/updating-emission-factors-large-combustion-plants)]) For the reporting year 2016 a complete data set is available. In former times data were not complete. There was no reporting obligation of co-incineration plants. The large combustion data base was also the data basis of the research project (Fichtner et al. 2011) [(Fichtner et al., 2011: W. Fichtner, U. Karl, R. Hartel, D. Balussou: Large and medium combustion plants, including gasturbines: FKZ 3708 42 301, "Fortschreibung der Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungs- und Gasturbinenanlagen nach 13./17. BImSchV und TA Luft"; DFIU, KIT, and EIFER, 2011; not published)] which was completed in 2011. Since the data set was not complete that time, in some cases a revision until 2004 was necessary.
-Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/estimated/calculated data) of large combustion plants. The combination of emission from PRTR and the relevant fuel data from a database called "POSO", which contains additional data of large combustion plants, allows the determination of plant-specific emission factors. Due to the fact, that only some plants do really measure heavy metals, the determined emission factors were used for the whole sector (1.A.1.a).+Heavy metal emission factors are mainly the result of a comprehensive study of PRTR data, which provide information about emissions and the quality (measurement/estimated/calculated data) of large combustion plants. The combination of emission from PRTR and the relevant fuel data, which contains additional data of large combustion plants (EU legislative), allows the determination of plant-specific emission factors. Due to the fact, that only some plants do really measure heavy metals, the determined emission factors were used for the whole sector (1.A.1.a).
 HCB emission factors of hard coal were taken from the EMEP EEA Guidebook 2009. Black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the EMEP EEA Guidebook 2019. HCB emission factors of hard coal were taken from the EMEP EEA Guidebook 2009. Black carbon emission factors for all fuels are given by the EMEP EEA Guidebook 2019.
  
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 __Table 1: Implied emission factors for public electricity and heat production__ __Table 1: Implied emission factors for public electricity and heat production__
-^ Pollutant                  ^  SOx      ^  NOx   ^  TSP  ^  CO    ^  Pb      ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^ +|                            ^  SO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  CO     ^  Pb      ^  Hg    ^  Cd    ^ 
-^ Fuel                       |  [kg/TJ]                         ||||  [g/TJ]                ||| +|                            |  [kg/TJ]                                           ||||  [g/TJ]                  ||| 
-^ Hard Coal                  |      38.8 |   56.2 |   1.5 |    6.4 |     3.66 |  1.03 |  0.50 | +^ Hard Coal                  |  38.8            |  56.2            |  1.5  |  6.4    |  3.66    |  1.03  |  0.50  | 
-^ Lignite                    |      56.1 |   77.8 |   2.0 |   32.3 |     2.76 |  2.89 |  0.37 | +^ Lignite                    |  56.1            |  77.8            |  2.0  |  32.3   |  2.76    |  2.89  |  0.37  | 
-^ Natural gas                |       0.1 |   37.0 |   0.3 |   10.4 |  NA      |  0.01 |  NA   | +^ Natural gas                |  0.1             |  37.0            |  0.3  |  10.4   |  NA      |  0.01  |  NA    | 
-^ Petroleum products         |      65.3 |   97.1 |   3.7 |   26.7 |     2.75 |  0.52 |  0.10 | +^ Petroleum products         |  65.3            |  97.1            |  3.7  |  26.7   |  2.75    |  0.52  |  0.10  | 
-^ Biomass (excluding Waste)  |      54.9 |  172.2 |   4.4 |  139.9 |     4.54 |  0.14 |  0.10 | +^ Biomass (excluding Waste)  |  54.9            |  172.2           |  4.4  |  139.9  |  4.54    |  0.14  |  0.10  | 
-^ Municipal Waste            |       3.2 |     49 |   0.6 |    5.0 |     2.70 |  1.10 |  0.36 |+^ Municipal Waste            |  3.2             |  49              |  0.6  |  5.0    |  2.70    |  1.10  |  0.36  |
  
 The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude. The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality, the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. There are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude.
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 ==== Fuel Consumption ==== ==== Fuel Consumption ====
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_ar_fossil.png?400|Annual acitity data for fossil fuels}} 
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_ar_waste.png?400|Annual activity data for waste fuels and biomass}} 
  
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_ar_fossil.png?700|Annual acitity data for fossil fuels}}
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_ar_waste.png?700|Annual activity data for waste fuels and biomass}}
  
-The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the government aid of renewable energies.+ 
 +The first graph shows that the total energy consumption of fossil fuels for public electricity and heat consumption didn't change very much since 1990. The main reasons are the rising electricity demand and a great number of industrial power plants whose emissions are now reported in source category 1.A.1.a. From 1990 to the present time, a slight fuel switch from coal to natural gas was observed. In 2009 fuel consumption of all fossil fuels decreased remarkably as a result of the economic crisis. The economic recovery in 2010 led to an increasing fuel consumption because of the increasing electricity demand. From 2003 biomass consumption rises considerably due to the legislative aid of renewable energies.
  
 ==== Sulfur Oxides - SOx ==== ==== Sulfur Oxides - SOx ====
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_sox.png?400|Annual SOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} + 
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_sox_2000.png?400|Annual SOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a, details 2000-2018}}+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_sox.png?700|Annual SOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_sox_2000.png?700|Annual SOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a, details 2000-2018}}
  
 SO<sub>x</sub> emission trend shows the big dominance of lignite due to high Sulphur content of lignite fuels. However SO<sub>x</sub> emissions decrease more than lignite consumption does. Before the German Reunification in 1990, lignite fired public power plants in Eastern Germany didn't use flue gas desulphurisation plants. The implementation of stricter regulations in the New German Länder resulted in considerably decreasing emissions. In recent years the development of SO<sub>2</sub> emissions is mainly influenced by coal consumption. From 2005 onwards biogas which has a considerable sulphur content is gaining in importance. In 2016 emissions from coal fired plants decreased considerably due to a stricter regulation related to the limit values and the reduction efficiency of desulfurization plants. The emission reduction in 2019 and 2020 is a result of the decreasing coal consumption. SO<sub>x</sub> emission trend shows the big dominance of lignite due to high Sulphur content of lignite fuels. However SO<sub>x</sub> emissions decrease more than lignite consumption does. Before the German Reunification in 1990, lignite fired public power plants in Eastern Germany didn't use flue gas desulphurisation plants. The implementation of stricter regulations in the New German Länder resulted in considerably decreasing emissions. In recent years the development of SO<sub>2</sub> emissions is mainly influenced by coal consumption. From 2005 onwards biogas which has a considerable sulphur content is gaining in importance. In 2016 emissions from coal fired plants decreased considerably due to a stricter regulation related to the limit values and the reduction efficiency of desulfurization plants. The emission reduction in 2019 and 2020 is a result of the decreasing coal consumption.
  
 ==== Nitrogen Oxides - NOx ==== ==== Nitrogen Oxides - NOx ====
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_nox.png?400|Annual NOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
  
 Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction measurements in the New German Länder. After 2002 the increasing consumption of natural gas biogas, wood and other biomass in the public sector gain influence and increases NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The upward trend was only interrupted by the economic crises in 2009. From 2014 onwards NO<sub>x</sub> emissions decreases mainly caused by the decreasing hard coal consumption.    Nitrogen oxides emissions decreases due to declining lignite consumption in the early 1990s and due to NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction measurements in the New German Länder. After 2002 the increasing consumption of natural gas biogas, wood and other biomass in the public sector gain influence and increases NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. The upward trend was only interrupted by the economic crises in 2009. From 2014 onwards NO<sub>x</sub> emissions decreases mainly caused by the decreasing hard coal consumption.   
 +
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_nox.png?700|Annual NOx emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
 +
  
 ==== Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP ==== ==== Particulate Matter - PM2.5 & PM10 & TSP ====
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pm2.5.png?400|Annual PM2.5 emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} +
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pm10.png?400|Annual PM10 emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} +
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_tsp.png?400|Annual TSP emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} +
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_tsp_2000.png?400|Annual TSP emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a, details from 2000-2018}}+
  
 Similar to SO<sub>x</sub> emissions, Particulate Matter emissions decreases considerably since 1990 due to stricter regulations in eastern Germany. After 2002 PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emission trends were influenced by the increasing use of biomass for public electricity and heat production. TSP and PM emissions from coal fired plants show a decreasing trend from 2005 onwards due to improvements of abatement systems. The remarkable Emission reduction in 2019 and 2020 is a result of the deacreasing coal consumption.  Similar to SO<sub>x</sub> emissions, Particulate Matter emissions decreases considerably since 1990 due to stricter regulations in eastern Germany. After 2002 PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emission trends were influenced by the increasing use of biomass for public electricity and heat production. TSP and PM emissions from coal fired plants show a decreasing trend from 2005 onwards due to improvements of abatement systems. The remarkable Emission reduction in 2019 and 2020 is a result of the deacreasing coal consumption. 
  
-==== Priority Heavy metal - Pb & Hg & Cd ==== +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pm2.5.png?700|Annual PM2.5 emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pb.png?400|Annual Pb emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pm10.png?700|Annual PM10 emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_hg.png?400|Annual Hg emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_tsp.png?700|Annual TSP emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_cd.png?400|Annual Cd emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_tsp_2000.png?700|Annual TSP emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a, details from 2000-2018}} 
 + 
 + 
 +==== Priority Heavy metal - Hg, Pb & Cd ====
  
 Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining emissions are on the one hand the decreasing lignite consumption and on the other hand the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. Due to the fact, that heavy metal emission factors for waste incineration plants are constant, emission trends solely depend on coal consumption. In reality emission trends of all heavy metals would be more influenced by the emissions from waste fuels, since the emission factors for waste incineration plants in 1990 are expected to be high. In recent years emissions from Biomass combustion gain more and more influence on the trend. Emission trends of all priority heavy metals are mostly influenced by the emissions from lignite use. The reasons of the declining emissions are on the one hand the decreasing lignite consumption and on the other hand the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. Due to the fact, that heavy metal emission factors for waste incineration plants are constant, emission trends solely depend on coal consumption. In reality emission trends of all heavy metals would be more influenced by the emissions from waste fuels, since the emission factors for waste incineration plants in 1990 are expected to be high. In recent years emissions from Biomass combustion gain more and more influence on the trend.
 +
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_hg.png?700|Annual Hg emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pb.png?700|Annual Pb emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_cd.png?700|Annual Cd emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
 +
 +
  
 ==== Persistent Organic Pollutants ==== ==== Persistent Organic Pollutants ====
-{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pcddf.png?400|Annual PCDD/PCDF emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}} 
  
 Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions due to stricter regulations in Germany. In recent years emissions remain stable at a very low level. Main driver of the dioxin emission trend is by far waste incineration with high specific emissions in the early 90s and considerably decreasing emissions due to stricter regulations in Germany. In recent years emissions remain stable at a very low level.
 +
 +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1a_em_pcddf.png?700|Annual PCDD/PCDF emissions from stationary combustion plants in 1.A.1.a}}
 +
 +
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-Recalculations were necessary for 2019 due to the implementation of the now finalised National Energy Balance. +Recalculations were necessary for 2020 due to the implementation of the now finalised National Energy Balance. 
  
 <WRAP center round info 60%> <WRAP center round info 60%>
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].+For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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 New POPs emission factors are available for waste incineration plants for 2015. Before the implementation of these values, a trend discussion with the experts is necessary. New POPs emission factors are available for waste incineration plants for 2015. Before the implementation of these values, a trend discussion with the experts is necessary.
 The new PCB emission factors cannot be used at the moment since it would destroy the current inventory structure. Key source analyses wouldn't make sense any more. The new PCB emission factors are measured according to the WHO TEQ. The values which are currently used in the inventory are based on measurements according to German standards (Ballschmiter, LAGA) with a factor of 100,000 between both EF sources. The implementation of the new PCB emission factors will only be possible when new PCB emission factors are available for iron and steel production and cement industry. The new PCB emission factors cannot be used at the moment since it would destroy the current inventory structure. Key source analyses wouldn't make sense any more. The new PCB emission factors are measured according to the WHO TEQ. The values which are currently used in the inventory are based on measurements according to German standards (Ballschmiter, LAGA) with a factor of 100,000 between both EF sources. The implementation of the new PCB emission factors will only be possible when new PCB emission factors are available for iron and steel production and cement industry.
 +
 +