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1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO

Short description

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation: LTO emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.a.i.(i) T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
NOx NMVOC SO2 NHx PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO PB Cd Hg Diox PAH HCB
Key Category: -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- - -/- -

Click to view Legend

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T = key source by Trend L = key source by Level

Methods
D Default
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2019, in the group specific chapters.
AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific data
As Associations, business organisations
Q specific Questionnaires (or surveys)
M Model / Modelled
C Confidential
EF - Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C Confidential
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific data
M Model / Modelled


Methodology

Actitvity Data

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the main chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: Percentual annual fuel consumption during LTO-stage of international flights

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Jet Kerosene 7.53 8.25 7.37 7.12 7.58 8.36 7.81 7.57 7.99 8.38 8.01 7.45 7.45 7.74 7.32 6.10
Aviation Gasoline 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.44 3.56 3.45 3.48 3.47 3.81 3.54 6.19 6.16 6.70 6.89 7.34 19.5

source: Knörr et al. (2022c) 1) &: Gores (2022) 2)

Table 2: annual LTO fuel consumption for international flights, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Jet Kerosene 12,380 16,807 19,562 22,356 25,161 26,403 26,696 26,386 26,796 28,008 28,963 29,683 30,549 31,436 13,674 15,118
Aviation Gasoline 17.1 7.41 7.83 5.29 4.58 3.75 3.51 3.10 2.98 3.61 2.37 2.38 2.31 1.73 0.95 2.53
12,397 16,815 19,570 22,361 25,165 26,407 26,699 26,389 26,798 28,012 28,965 29,685 30,551 31,438 13,675 15,120

source: Knörr et al. (2022c) 3) &: Gores (2022) 4)

Annual energy input: kerosene Annual energy input: aviation gasoline

Emission factors

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) 5) and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV 6).

For more information, please see superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
JET KEROSENE
NH3 3.98 3.95 3.95 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97
NMVOC 59.7 36.1 25.7 22.9 21.2 20.8 20.5 20.3 19.9 20.5 20.2 20.8 21.4 19.4 19.2 18.4
NOx 297 306 303 324 342 345 346 349 353 352 357 358 355 358 368 367
SOx 19.7 19.5 19.5 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6
BC1 1.78 1.63 1.45 1.37 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.15 1.14 1.13 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.08 1.07
PM2 3.71 3.40 3.02 2.86 2.52 2.49 2.46 2.44 2.40 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.33 2.25 2.26 2.24
CO 249 227 236 219 203 199 199 197 194 196 192 192 195 187 185 187
AVIATION GASOLINE
NH3 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
NMVOC 459 484 466 469 470 521 514 515 521 514 495 494 528 547 540 646
NOx 73.1 68.7 71.7 71.7 66.1 56.0 55.9 57.6 60.1 55.9 53.7 53.3 52.5 55.7 53.5 89.7
SOx 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
BC1 9.05 9.59 9.33 9.59 10.3 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.4 11.3 11.3 11.0 11.9 11.2 11.5 5.54
PM2 60.3 64.0 62.2 64.0 68.6 73.5 73.4 72.7 69.2 75.5 75.6 73.4 79.1 74.8 76.6 37.0
TSP3 75.5 79.1 77.4 79.1 83.8 88.7 88.5 87.9 84.3 90.7 90.8 88.5 94.3 89.9 91.8 52.1
CO 20,188 20,764 20,440 20,152 21,199 22,662 22,769 22,422 22,168 22,650 23,205 23,427 23,210 22,875 23,285 17,472

1 estimated via a f-BCs (avgas: 0.15, jet kerosene: 0.48) as provided in 7)
2 EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM2.5)
3 also including TSP from lead: EF(TSP) = 1.6 x EF(Pb) - see road transport

For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

NFR sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) is no key source for emissions.

Annual ammonia emissions Annual sulphur oxides emissions Annual nitrogen oxides emissions

Recalculations

As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to Eurocontrol AEM model and the underlying fleet composition.

Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated…

Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene and avgas consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
JET KEROSENE
Submission 2023 7.53 8.25 7.37 7.12 7.58 8.36 7.81 7.57 7.99 8.38 8.01 7.45 7.45 7.74 7.32
Submission 2022 8.17 7.80 8.19 8.00 7.90 7.81 7.92 7.98 7.98 8.09 8.11 8.13 8.18 8.24 7.88
absolute change -0.63 0.44 -0.81 -0.88 -0.31 0.55 -0.11 -0.42 0.01 0.29 -0.10 -0.68 -0.73 -0.50 -0.56
relative change -7.74% 5.69% -9.94% -11.0% -3.98% 7.10% -1.37% -5.20% 0.07% 3.56% -1.25% -8.36% -8.92% -6.02% -7.09%
AVGAS
Submission 2023 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.44 3.56 3.45 3.48 3.47 3.81 3.54 6.19 6.16 6.70 6.89 7.34
Submission 2022 3.35 3.39 3.44 3.44 3.56 3.43 3.47 3.46 3.78 3.53 6.19 6.16 6.71 6.89 7.4
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.04% 0.49% 0.28% 0.29% 0.94% 0.13% 0.01% 0.04% -0.06% -0.08% -0.13%

… and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:

Table 4: Revised fuel-use in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
JET KEROSENE
Submission 2022 12,380 16,807 19,562 22,356 25,161 26,403 26,696 26,386 26,796 28,008 28,963 29,683 30,549 31,436 13,674
Submission 2021 13,252 16,012 21,465 24,860 26,115 24,796 27,036 27,726 26,778 27,115 29,304 32,205 33,340 33,309 14,645
absolute change -872 795 -1,903 -2,504 -954 1,607 -340 -1,339 17,9 893 -341 -2,523 -2,791 -1,874 -971
relative change -6.58% 4.97% -8.87% -10.1% -3.65% 6.48% -1.26% -4.83% 0.07% 3.29% -1.16% -7.83% -8.37% -5.62% -6.63%
AVGAS
Submission 2023 17.1 7.41 7.83 5.29 4.58 3.75 3.51 3.10 2.98 3.61 2.37 2.38 2.31 1.73 0.95
Submission 2022 17.1 7.41 7.83 5.29 4.58 3.75 3.51 3.10 2.98 3.61 2.38 2.39 2.32 1.73 0.96
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.05% 0.05% -0.05% -0.02% -0.04% -0.10% -0.17% -0.16% -0.18% -0.18% -0.42%

In parallel, the majority of country-specific emission factors has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the Eurocontrol's AEM model, taking into account the development of fleet composition and engine technology but cannot be displayed here in a proper way.

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2020, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

For information on uncertainties, please see the main chapter on civil aviation.

Planned improvements

For information on planned improvements, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

FAQs

1), 3), 6) Knörr et al. (2022c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2022.
2), 4) Gores (2022): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2020, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2022.
5) Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.
7) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.