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general:gridded_data:start [2025/04/29 10:10] – [Results with the EMEP grid] hausmanngeneral:gridded_data:start [2025/04/29 13:09] (current) – [Traffic or Transport] kotzulla
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 Distribution parameters are used for allocation of national emissions, spatially as accurately as possible, to individual point, line or area sources depending on the source group. The location of a point source is given clearly by coordinates; typical line sources are, for example, streets, which can consist of many sections. As surface sources such areas are defined in which from many small sources emissions are released,  for example, emissions from small combustion plants in built-up areas. A substantial database for distribution of national emissions in the sectors ‘energy supply’ and ‘industry’ are the emissions of individual sites or plants from the PRTR database. In addition, for example, also emissions of air traffic are allocated to point sources by location of the airports, whereas in the case of larger airports an additional local distribution is considered. Emissions from road traffic, rail traffic and inland water navigation are spatially assigned to line sources. The respective route networks consist of individual sections. To each of these network segments (line source) a share of the national emissions is assigned.  Distribution parameters are used for allocation of national emissions, spatially as accurately as possible, to individual point, line or area sources depending on the source group. The location of a point source is given clearly by coordinates; typical line sources are, for example, streets, which can consist of many sections. As surface sources such areas are defined in which from many small sources emissions are released,  for example, emissions from small combustion plants in built-up areas. A substantial database for distribution of national emissions in the sectors ‘energy supply’ and ‘industry’ are the emissions of individual sites or plants from the PRTR database. In addition, for example, also emissions of air traffic are allocated to point sources by location of the airports, whereas in the case of larger airports an additional local distribution is considered. Emissions from road traffic, rail traffic and inland water navigation are spatially assigned to line sources. The respective route networks consist of individual sections. To each of these network segments (line source) a share of the national emissions is assigned. 
  
-The spatial distribution of the emissions that are not distributed to point sources or line sources, is carried out in two steps on area sources. In the first step, these emissions are distributed by means of suitable distribution parameters to the district level.In the second step a more accurate spatial allocation of emissions using land cover data is carried out within the districts. Per NFR sector the areas of the relevant land use classes are chosen and only to these areas emissions are allocated. Here, emphasis can also be placed on different CLC groups, e. g. the land-cover class ‘residential areas’ could get a higher rating than land-cover class ‘residential areas loose’. As a result, the previously at district level distributed national emissions are now spatially localized to the relevant land-cover areas within the districts.Aim of the spatial distribution of emissions is the compilation of emissions in a defined grid. For this, the emissions, spatially distributed to individual point, line and area sources, are assigned to the grid cells of the selected grid in a further step. After determination of the coordinate reference system and grid size of the raster, the share of each emission source (point / line / area source) per grid cell is determined. The summation of the emissions of all source shares lying within a grid cell leads to the total of emissions of the grid cell. The spatial distribution of emissions is not only limited to horizontal distribution,  but also includes distribution to vertical height levels. Therefore, it was necessary to assign to each source category or to each NFR sector an average characteristic emission height above ground. +The spatial distribution of the emissions that are not distributed to point sources or line sources, is carried out in two steps on area sources. In the first step, these emissions are distributed by means of suitable distribution parameters to the district level.In the second step a more accurate spatial allocation of emissions using land cover data is carried out within the districts. Per NFR sector the areas of the relevant land use classes are chosen and only to these areas emissions are allocated.  
 + 
 +Here, emphasis can also be placed on different CLC groups, e. g. the land-cover class ‘residential areas’ could get a higher rating than land-cover class ‘residential areas loose’. As a result, the previously at district level distributed national emissions are now spatially localized to the relevant land-cover areas within the districts.Aim of the spatial distribution of emissions is the compilation of emissions in a defined grid. For this, the emissions, spatially distributed to individual point, line and area sources, are assigned to the grid cells of the selected grid in a further step.  
 +After determination of the coordinate reference system and grid size of the raster, the share of each emission source (point / line / area source) per grid cell is determined. The summation of the emissions of all source shares lying within a grid cell leads to the total of emissions of the grid cell. The spatial distribution of emissions is not only limited to horizontal distribution,  but also includes distribution to vertical height levels. Therefore, it was necessary to assign to each source category or to each NFR sector an average characteristic emission height above ground. 
  
 <WRAP center round info 80%> <WRAP center round info 80%>
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 ==== Traffic or Transport ==== ==== Traffic or Transport ====
    
-For the traffic or transport sector (road, rail, shipping, aviation), at UBA emissions are being determined by means of the TREMOD model. These data are available in a more differentiated way than they are shown per NFR sector in national emissions. Therefore, suitable additional information from TREMOD for the spatial distribution is considered in the Gridding Tool. For the spatial distribution of national emissions of aviation, in addition to the national totals, additional TREMOD emission data for the 26 largest airports are available. These emissions are spatially allocated directly to their position. For the remaining smaller airports and landing sites in Germany, the national residual emissions from aviation,  which are not listed in the TREMOD data separately for each airport, are spatially distributed over the number of flight movements per airport. The location of airports is known as a point source. In addition, for the 15 largest (international) airports in Germany the landing and departure sectors were digitized as funnel-shaped three-dimensional sources. This allows a much differentiated spatial distribution of the emissions to local (three-dimensional) sources for these airports. Emissions of the source group Road Traffic are composed of exhaust emissions,  emissions from abrasions (tires, brakes, roads) and emissions due to fuel evaporation. The exhaust and abrasion emissions from road traffic are fully distributed over line sources,  since a digital geometric data basis exists for all roads. The distribution parameter for spatial distribution of emissions derived from data on mileage per route section. For this purpose, data was processed from different data sources. The evaporative emissions are spatially distributed over area sources to the built-up areas. For rail traffic,  emissions resulting from operation of diesel locomotives are reported. Abrasion-emissions caused by both, electrically and diesel-powered trains are currently not included in the reported emissions and are therefore not taken into account in the sector here under consideration. The distribution of emissions of rail transport is carried out entirely on line sources. The geometric base is the rail network and significant data base for the derivation of the distribution parameters are the section-related emissions of DB Umwelt AG. Also, the emissions of shipping traffic are completely spatially distributed on line sources. For this purpose, the digital routing network of watercourses as well as the distribution parameters derived from emission data from TREMOD are being applied. +For the traffic or transport sector (road, rail, shipping, aviation), at UBA emissions are being determined by means of the TREMOD model. These data are available in a more differentiated way than they are shown per NFR sector in national emissions. Therefore, suitable additional information from TREMOD for the spatial distribution is considered in the Gridding Tool.  
 + 
 +For the spatial distribution of national emissions of aviation, in addition to the national totals, additional TREMOD emission data for the 26 largest German airports are available. These emissions are spatially allocated directly to their position. For the remaining smaller airports, airfields and landing sites in Germany, the national residual emissions from aviation,  which are not listed in the TREMOD data separately for each airport, are spatially distributed over the number of flight movements per airport. The location of airports is known as a point source. In addition, for the 15 largest (international) airports in Germany the landing and departure sectors were digitized as funnel-shaped three-dimensional sources. This allows a much differentiated spatial distribution of the emissions to local (three-dimensional) sources for these airports.  
 + 
 +Emissions of the source group Road Traffic are composed of exhaust emissions, emissions from abrasion (tires, brakes, roads) and emissions due to fuel evaporation. The exhaust and abrasive emissions from road traffic are fully distributed over line sources, since a digital geometric data basis exists for all roads. The distribution parameter for spatial distribution of emissions is derived from data on mileage per route section. For this purpose, data was processed from different data sources. The evaporative emissions are spatially distributed over area sources to the built-up areas.  
 + 
 +For rail traffic, emissions resulting from both the operation of diesel engines as well as the abrasion caused by both electrically and diesel-powered trains are taken into account. The distribution of these emissions is carried out entirely on line sources based on the rail network with the section-related emissions of the DB Umwelt AGsignificant being an important data base for the derivation of the distribution parameters.  
 + 
 +As described for railways, emissions from national navigation (shipping) are completely spatially distributed on line sources, too. For this purpose, the digital routing network of watercourses as well as the distribution parameters derived from emission data from TREMOD are being applied. 
  
 ==== Offroad / Mobile Machinery ==== ==== Offroad / Mobile Machinery ====
  
-This source group includes emissions which are released by the off-road traffic (e.g. in the building and construction industry,  forestry and agriculture) and by the use of mobile devices and machines. The emissions from these source categories are allocated completely as area sources. The distribution parameters are mainly based on statistical data at district level.+This source group includes emissions released by off-road vehicles and mobile machinery (e.g. in the building and construction industry, forestry and agriculture) and by the use of mobile devices and machines in households. Emissions from these sources are allocated as area sources completely. The distribution parameters are mainly based on statistical data at district level.
  
 ==== Solvents and other Product Use ==== ==== Solvents and other Product Use ====
  
-Emissions that are released by application of solvent-based and other products in the private sector as well as in industrial and other sectors, are fully distributed as area sources. The distribution parameters are predominantly based on statistical data at district level,  e.g. employees in economic departments of G-U (Trade and Services) or inhabitants.+Emissions that are released by application of solvent-based and other products in the private sector as well as in industrial and other sectors, are fully distributed as area sources. The distribution parameters are predominantly based on statistical data at district level, e.g. employees in economic departments of G-U (Trade and Services) or inhabitants.
  
 ==== Agriculture ==== ==== Agriculture ====
  
-Emissions from agriculture consist of the emissions arising from animal husbandry (e.g. cows, pigsetc.), and the emissions that occur during agricultural activity on arable land and pastures. An important data source for spatial distribution is the data of the Thünen Institute, which annually determines the emissions from agriculture at district level for Germany. In addition, emissions from stables that underlay reporting obligations are reported in the PRTR database. They only cover a small proportion of national emissions in agriculture. Therefore, a synthetic stable point source dataset was derived from the German Land Cover dataset (LBM-DE) to distribute the stable (and storage) emissions directly to the stables as point source (PQ). In the past these emissions were distributed to agricultural areas (FQ). To derive the distribution parameters used in the Gridding Tool for the affected NFR sectors, the data of the Thünen Institute, from the PRTR database and synthetic stable point source dataset were considered.+Emissions from agriculture consist of the emissions arising from animal husbandry (e.g. cows, pigsetc.), and emissions that occur during agricultural activity on arable land and pastures. 
 + 
 +An important data source for spatial distribution is the data of the Thünen Institute, which annually determines the emissions from agriculture at district level for Germany. In addition, emissions from stables that underlay reporting obligations are reported in the PRTR database. They only cover a small proportion of national emissions in agriculture. Therefore, a synthetic stable point source dataset was derived from the German Land Cover dataset (LBM-DE) to distribute the stable (and storage) emissions directly to the stables as point source (PQ). In the past these emissions were distributed to agricultural areas (FQ). To derive the distribution parameters used in the Gridding Tool for the affected NFR sectors, the data of the Thünen Institute, from the PRTR database and synthetic stable point source dataset were considered.
  
 ==== Other NFR Sectors ==== ==== Other NFR Sectors ====
  
-There are some more NFR sectors, e.g.: 1.A.4.c iii (national fishing), 1.B.2a v (distribution of oil products) and 1.A.3.e i (pipeline compressors), which do not belong to the source groups already described. The distribution parameters for these sectors are based on different data; emissions are predominantly spatially distributed as area sources.+There are some more NFR sectors, e.g. 1.A.4.c iii (national fishing), 1.B.2a v (distribution of oil products) and 1.A.3.e i (pipeline compressors), which do not belong to the source groups already described. The distribution parameters for these sectors are based on different data; emissions are predominantly spatially distributed as area sources.
  
  
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 From 2000 onwards, information about point sources is available from the German PRTR or the EPER. For the earlier years 1990 and 1995, information from point sources were transferred from EPER data of the year 2001 and their emissions were scaled accordingly. From 2000 onwards, information about point sources is available from the German PRTR or the EPER. For the earlier years 1990 and 1995, information from point sources were transferred from EPER data of the year 2001 and their emissions were scaled accordingly.
 By presenting the spatial distribution of emissions, the emission hotspots can be precisely identified for all pollutants. In general, these are located in the German cities (e.g. Berlin, Munich or Hamburg) or the conurbations (district of the Rhine-Ruhr area). By presenting the spatial distribution of emissions, the emission hotspots can be precisely identified for all pollutants. In general, these are located in the German cities (e.g. Berlin, Munich or Hamburg) or the conurbations (district of the Rhine-Ruhr area).
 +
 The reduction measures of SO<sub>2</sub> emissions are a success story in itself. In the early 1970s, the use of flue gas desulphurization plants in coal-fired power plants and later brown coal power plants led to a significant SO<sub>2</sub> decrease in the air. Since the 1990s, this reduction process has been further advanced by the use of low-sulfur fuels, so that today only a few areas are contaminated with SO<sub>2</sub>. The reduction measures of SO<sub>2</sub> emissions are a success story in itself. In the early 1970s, the use of flue gas desulphurization plants in coal-fired power plants and later brown coal power plants led to a significant SO<sub>2</sub> decrease in the air. Since the 1990s, this reduction process has been further advanced by the use of low-sulfur fuels, so that today only a few areas are contaminated with SO<sub>2</sub>.
  
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 == PCDD/PCDF == == PCDD/PCDF ==
  
-PCDD/PCDF emissions are formed as by-products in a variety of thermal processes, in the production of organochlorine chemicals, or in any oxidation reactions of hydrocarbon compounds in the presence of chlorine compounds. The magnitude of dioxins emissions is presented in the g I-TEQ range (toxic equivalence, TEQ) in the maps.+Emissions of dioxins and furans are formed as by-products in a variety of thermal processes, in the production of organochlorine chemicals, or in any oxidation reactions of hydrocarbon compounds in the presence of chlorine compounds. The magnitude of dioxins emissions is presented in the g I-TEQ range (toxic equivalence, TEQ) in the maps.
 The major key sources are the Residential - stationary combustion (1.A.4.b i), Other Waste: Building and Car Fires (5.E.2), and Metal Industrie - Iron and Steel (2.C.1). The spatial distribution is partially covered by information of PRTR point sources and for the residential sector according to energy carriers. The major key sources are the Residential - stationary combustion (1.A.4.b i), Other Waste: Building and Car Fires (5.E.2), and Metal Industrie - Iron and Steel (2.C.1). The spatial distribution is partially covered by information of PRTR point sources and for the residential sector according to energy carriers.
  
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 [(SCHNEIDER2016> Schneider et al. (2016): Schneider, Chr., Pelzer, M., Toenges-Schuller, N., Nacken, M., and Niederau, A.: ArcGIS basierte Lösung zur detaillierten, deutschlandweiten Verteilung (Gridding) nationaler Emissionsjahreswerte auf Basis des Inventars zur Emissionsberichterstattung. UBA Texte 71/2016, p.224; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1968/publikationen/2016-11-09_griddingtool_greta_langfassung_final.pdf; ISSN 1862-4804; AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt; Dessau-Roßlau, November 2016)] [(SCHNEIDER2016> Schneider et al. (2016): Schneider, Chr., Pelzer, M., Toenges-Schuller, N., Nacken, M., and Niederau, A.: ArcGIS basierte Lösung zur detaillierten, deutschlandweiten Verteilung (Gridding) nationaler Emissionsjahreswerte auf Basis des Inventars zur Emissionsberichterstattung. UBA Texte 71/2016, p.224; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1968/publikationen/2016-11-09_griddingtool_greta_langfassung_final.pdf; ISSN 1862-4804; AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt; Dessau-Roßlau, November 2016)]
 +
 [(PELZER2018> Pelzer et al. (2018): Michael Pelzer, M., Schneider, Chr., Gallus, E. and Toenges-Schuller, N.: Gridding Emission Tool for ArcGIS (GRETA): Weiterentwicklungen und Erweiterung des Stoffspektrums - documentation regarding GRETA-AddIn version 1.1.2.2: https://iir.umweltbundesamt.de/2025/_media/general/gridded_data/2019_01_14_doku_greta_erweiterung2018_190114.pdf, AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt, October 2018, Aachen)] [(PELZER2018> Pelzer et al. (2018): Michael Pelzer, M., Schneider, Chr., Gallus, E. and Toenges-Schuller, N.: Gridding Emission Tool for ArcGIS (GRETA): Weiterentwicklungen und Erweiterung des Stoffspektrums - documentation regarding GRETA-AddIn version 1.1.2.2: https://iir.umweltbundesamt.de/2025/_media/general/gridded_data/2019_01_14_doku_greta_erweiterung2018_190114.pdf, AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt, October 2018, Aachen)]
 +
 [(PELZER2021> Pelzer et al. (2021): Michael Pelzer, M., Schneider, Chr., Gallus, E. and Toenges-Schuller, N.: Gridding Emission Tool for ArcGIS (GRETA): WeiterentwicklungeAVn - GRETA-AddIn Version: 1.1.4.2; ArcGIS 10.8: https://iir.umweltbundesamt.de/2025/_media/general/gridded_data/2021_05_17_doku_greta_erweiterung_210517.pdf; AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt, May 2021, Aachen)] [(PELZER2021> Pelzer et al. (2021): Michael Pelzer, M., Schneider, Chr., Gallus, E. and Toenges-Schuller, N.: Gridding Emission Tool for ArcGIS (GRETA): WeiterentwicklungeAVn - GRETA-AddIn Version: 1.1.4.2; ArcGIS 10.8: https://iir.umweltbundesamt.de/2025/_media/general/gridded_data/2021_05_17_doku_greta_erweiterung_210517.pdf; AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt, May 2021, Aachen)]
 +
 [(PELZER2024> Pelzer et al. (2024): Michael Pelzer, M., Toenges-Schuller, N. and Schneider, Chr.: Weiterentwicklungen 2023/2024: documentation as of 20.6.2024, GRETA-AddIn Version: 1.5.4.3; ArcGIS 10.8.2; https://iir.umweltbundesamt.de/2025/_media/general/gridded_data/2024_06_20_doku_greta_weiterentwicklung_2023_2024.pdf; AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt, June 2024, Aachen)] [(PELZER2024> Pelzer et al. (2024): Michael Pelzer, M., Toenges-Schuller, N. and Schneider, Chr.: Weiterentwicklungen 2023/2024: documentation as of 20.6.2024, GRETA-AddIn Version: 1.5.4.3; ArcGIS 10.8.2; https://iir.umweltbundesamt.de/2025/_media/general/gridded_data/2024_06_20_doku_greta_weiterentwicklung_2023_2024.pdf; AVISO GmbH on order of the Umweltbundesamt, June 2024, Aachen)]