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{{ :sector:ippu:other_solvent_and_product_use:chemical_products:nmvoc_tsp-em_2d3g-blasbitumen_1990-2023.xlsx |}}

2.D.3.g - Chemical Products

Short description

For a general product and method description refer to 2.D.3. This site only contains product group specific information.

This category is a key source of NMVOC emissions in terms of emissions level.
Source category NFR 2.D.3.g - Chemical products comprises NMVOC emissions from the use of solvents in the following manufacture processes:

  • Polyester processing (SNAP code 60301)
  • Polyvinylchloride processing (SNAP code 60302)
  • Polyurethane processing (SNAP code 60303)
  • Polystyrene foam processing (SNAP code 60304)
  • Rubber processing (SNAP code 60305)
  • Pharmaceutical products manufacturing (SNAP code 60306)
  • Manufacture of paints and lacquers (SNAP code 60307)
  • Manufacture of inks (SNAP code 60308)
  • Glues manufacturing (SNAP code 60309)
  • Bitumen blowing (SNAP code 60310)
  • Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing (SNAP code 60311)
  • Textile finishing (SNAP code 60312)
  • Solvents manufacturing(SNAP code 60314):
    • Manufacture of wood preservatives
    • Manufacture of building material additives
    • Manufacture of solvent-based consumer goods
    • Manufacture of surface cleaning agents
    • Manufacture of antifreeze agents and de-icers
    • Manufacture of waxing and dewaxing agents
    • Manufacture of paint strippers

Specific information

The data recording of source category 2.D.3.g started in 1990. Since 2000, a more detailed data collection procedure enables to follow the development of different applications, which altogether accounts for about 6-11 % of total NMVOC emissions from solvent-based products. Since that time total emissions of NMVOC emissions of 2.D.3.g remain relatively stable. In some major activities amounts of NMVOC emissions raised, such as from solvents used in polystyrene foam processing and the manufacture of solvent-based consumer products.

Bitumen blowing

Method

Bitumen used for road paving, roof coating and other application like pipe sealing needs some enhanced properties that can be achieved by air blowing.

This is done in so-called bitumen blowing units (BBU) that can operate either in continuous or in batch mode. The BBU usually are located in refineries or can be part of road paving or roof coating plants.

Thermal post-combustion in combination with closed capture systems to control emissions are best available technology and demanded by relevant legislation in Germany.

In the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023 1), tier2 emission factors for bitumen blowing are presented for NMVOC, TSP, Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Se and PAH. As most of them are unreferenced and based on US plants before 1980 they seem to be unsuitable to represent national conditions. Therefore, country-specific emission factors are applied instead.

Activity data

The applicable quantities of treated bitumen are calculated from the total-bitumen-production figures published annually by the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), in its official mineral-oil data (Amtliche Mineralöldaten) (BAFA, 2024) 2).

The applicable percental share of blown bitumen was obtained from a one-time data survey of the association Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bitumenindustrie e.V (bitumen industry working group) 3) that was carried out for the year 1994 and in the framework of the research project (Theloke et al., 2000) 4) commissioned by the Federal Environment Agency (UBA). The percentage share remains constant for all years in question, and it amounts to 10%.

Emission factors

NMVOC and PAH emissions from bitumen blowing are calculated with emission factors derived from the uncontrolled standard emission factor of the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023 5) taking account of the maximum permitted levels and reduction-measures requirements specified in the Technical Instructions on Air Quality Control (TA Luft).

The emission factors for Cd, Cr and Ni were derived from original measurements with an increased safety factor (maximum or ten-fold).

All emission factors remain constant for all years in question.

Table 1: Overview of tier-2 emission factors applied for bitumen blowing with post-combustion

EF 2010 Unit Reference
NMVOC 27.20 g/t based on EMEP/EEA (2023) 6)
TSP 10.00 g/t from measurements (Trumbore et al., 1998) 7)
Cd 0.03 mg/t from measurements (Trumbore et al., 1998)
As 0.50 mg/t default from EMEP/EEA (2023) 8)
Cr 4.00 mg/t from measurements (Trumbore et al., 1998)
Ni 21.00 mg/t from measurements (Trumbore et al., 1998)
Se 0.50 mg/t default from EMEP/EEA (2023)
PAH 2.55 mg/t based on EMEP/EEA (2023)

Discussion of emission trends

All trends in emissions correspond to trends of the production development. No rising trends are to identify.

Trend of annual NMVOC and TSP emissions from bitumen blowing

Uncertainties

Emission factors: Relative error rates at ±15% and ±25% (Adhesive manufacturing, magnetic tapes manufacturing, photographs manufacturing) were applied, but not exceeding 100% or falling below 0%.
For bitumen blowing emission factor uncertainties are on a higher level just to 100%. For Cd and TSP the uncertainty are even greater than a factor of two.

For general uncertainties, recalculations and improvements of activity data and emission factors see 2.D.3.

1), 5), 6), 8) EMEP/EEA, 2023: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, Copenhagen, 2023 https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes-and-product-use/2-d-2-l-other/2-d-3-g-chemical/view, table 3-8
2) BAFA, 2024: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.
3) Eisele, F.: oral information of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bitumenindustrie e.V, Persönliche Information, Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER), Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart
4) Theloke J., Obermeier A., Friedrich R.: Ermittlung der Lösemittelemissionen 1994 in Deutschland und Methoden zur Fortschreibung; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/2484.pdf; Theloke J., Obermeier A., Friedrich R. (Juni 2000), Ermittlung der Lösemittelemissionen 1994 in Deutschland und Methoden zur Fortschreibung. Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes; Dessau-Roßlau, 2000
7) Trumbore, D. C. (Owens Corning, Asphalt Technology Laboratory, Summit, IL 60501; Spring 1998): The Magnitude and Source of Air Emissions from Asphalt blowing operations. Environmental Progress, Vol. 17, No. 1; avialable via: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ep.670170120