Explanation of Key Trends - Fine Particulate Matter (PM₁₀)

Between 1995 and 2023, total PM₁₀ emissions dropped by 46%.

The Main Drivers for PM₁₀ emissions are Fuel Combustion (NFR 1.A) with 48% of total 1995 emissions and a 63% reduction between 1995 and 2023 and as a sum the Industrial Processes (NFR 2) (and especially Handling of Bulk Products NFR 2.L therein) with 38% of total 1995 emissions and a 37% reduction.

Within NFR 1.A, Transport (NFR 1.A.3) produces the biggest part of PM₁₀ emissions. Here, about three quarters of the 2023 Transport PM₁₀ emissions are produced by Road Transport (NFR 1.A.3.b), half of which is directly caused by fuel combustion (NFR 1.A.3.b.i - iv) and the other half by road abrasion and tyre and brake wear (NFR 1.A.3.b.vi - vii).

Table: PM₁₀ Emissions 1990-2023, in kilotonnes [kt]