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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:industry:iron_and_steel [2021/01/21 12:28] – Added rest of page & literature gniffkesector:energy:fuel_combustion:industry:iron_and_steel [2025/03/27 16:17] (current) – [Recalculations] kotzulla
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 ===== Short description ===== ===== Short description =====
  
-^  Method  ^  AD  ^  EF  ^  Key Category         ^ +^  Category Code                          ^  Method  ^  AD  ^  EF  ^ 
-|  T2      |  NS  |      |  L/T: NO<sub>x</sub>  |+|  1.A.2.a                                |  T2      |  NS  |    ? | 
 +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                        ||||
  
-{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+\\
  
 +^  NO<sub>x</sub>                         ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  |  BC  ^  CO   |  Pb  |  Cd  ^  Hg   |  As  |  Cr  |  Cu  |  Ni  |  Se  |  Zn  ^  PAHs  |  HCB  | PCBs  |
 +^  -/T                                    |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  NE  |  -/-  |  IE  |  IE  |  -/-  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  NE  |  -/-   |  NA   |  NA   |
 +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                       |||||||||||||||||||||
 +\\
  
-In 2017, a total of 30.4 million t of raw steel was produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another 13.2 million t.+In 2023, a total of 25.6 million tonnes of raw steel were produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another 9.8 million tonnes.
  
 The structural elements of this category are the production of pig iron (blast furnaces), sponge iron (direct reduction), sinter, rolled steel, iron and steel casting, Siemens-Martin steel (in the new German Länder only until shortly after 1990), electric steel and the power stations and boilers of the entire steel production. The structural elements of this category are the production of pig iron (blast furnaces), sponge iron (direct reduction), sinter, rolled steel, iron and steel casting, Siemens-Martin steel (in the new German Länder only until shortly after 1990), electric steel and the power stations and boilers of the entire steel production.
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   *     SO<sub>2</sub> (untiil 1999; SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the use of coal and coke in electric steelworks until 2000 and in 2004)   *     SO<sub>2</sub> (untiil 1999; SO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the use of coal and coke in electric steelworks until 2000 and in 2004)
  
-are reported. The emissions of these pollutants in other years as well as emissions of other pollutants are reported under Category 2.C.1 (see explanation below).+are reported. The emissions of these pollutants in other years as well as emissions of other pollutants are reported under Category [[:sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start | 2.C.1]] (see explanation below).
  
-Category 1.A.2.a Iron and Steel is a trend key category for NO<sub>x</sub> (mainly because the NO<sub>x</sub> emissions reported here until 1999 are then reported under Category 2.C.1). 
  
 ===== Methods===== ===== Methods=====
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 The emission factors used for the years 1990 - 1994 were taken from the report on the research project "Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1995, 2000 und 2010" (Determination and evaluation of emission factors for combustion systems in Germany for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010"; RENTZ et al, 2002)[(RENTZ et al., 2002: Rentz, O. ; Karl, U. ; Peter, H.: Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1995, 2000 und 2010: Forschungsbericht 299 43 142; Forschungsvorhaben im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamt; Endbericht; Karlsruhe: Deutsch-Französisches Inst. f. Umweltforschung, Univ. (TH); 2002)]. Starting from 1995 new emission factors for iron and steel were determined, based on real emission data from the installations concerned. (1995-2001: own calculations by UBA; EF for 2008 by a research project by the steel industry´s research institut BSI. The emission factors used for the years 1990 - 1994 were taken from the report on the research project "Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1995, 2000 und 2010" (Determination and evaluation of emission factors for combustion systems in Germany for the years 1995, 2000 and 2010"; RENTZ et al, 2002)[(RENTZ et al., 2002: Rentz, O. ; Karl, U. ; Peter, H.: Ermittlung und Evaluierung von Emissionsfaktoren für Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1995, 2000 und 2010: Forschungsbericht 299 43 142; Forschungsvorhaben im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamt; Endbericht; Karlsruhe: Deutsch-Französisches Inst. f. Umweltforschung, Univ. (TH); 2002)]. Starting from 1995 new emission factors for iron and steel were determined, based on real emission data from the installations concerned. (1995-2001: own calculations by UBA; EF for 2008 by a research project by the steel industry´s research institut BSI.
  
-In category 1.A.2.a - Iron and Steel only emissions from power plants and steam boiler of the steel industry are reported. Basically, all industrial power plants and steam boiler are reported in source category 1.A.2.gviii - Other since the emission behaviour is comparable. The reason for the different structure of 1.A.2.a are the requirements of the UNFCCC Guidelines and the resulting review proceedings. Insofar it is more sensible to report all emissions from blast furnace fired power plants and steam boiler in Source category 1.A.2.a to avoid notes regarding CO<sub>2<(sub> IEFs.+In category 1.A.2.a - Iron and Steel only emissions from power plants and steam boiler of the steel industry are reported. Basically, all industrial power plants and steam boiler are reported in source category 1.A.2.gviii - Other since the emission behaviour is comparable. The reason for the different structure of 1.A.2.a are the requirements of the UNFCCC Guidelines and the resulting review proceedings. Insofar it is more sensible to report all emissions from blast furnace fired power plants and steam boiler in Source category 1.A.2.a to avoid notes regarding CO<sub>2</sub> IEFs.
  
 Whereever emission factors were determined from real emission data of the installations concerned, both process and energy related emissions from the production of sinter, pig iron (blast furnace including the cowpers), steel (both BOF and EAF steel production), rolled steel as well as from cast iron and steel are reported under Category 2.C.1, since it is not possible to separate combustion from process emissions within the same stack. Insofar in later years the emissions of the most pollutants are reported under 2.C.1. Whereever emission factors were determined from real emission data of the installations concerned, both process and energy related emissions from the production of sinter, pig iron (blast furnace including the cowpers), steel (both BOF and EAF steel production), rolled steel as well as from cast iron and steel are reported under Category 2.C.1, since it is not possible to separate combustion from process emissions within the same stack. Insofar in later years the emissions of the most pollutants are reported under 2.C.1.
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 =====  Trend discussion for Key Sources ===== =====  Trend discussion for Key Sources =====
  
-NFR 1.A.2.a - Iron and Steel is key source by trend for NOx.+Category 1.A.2.a Iron and Steel is a trend key category for NO<sub>x</sub> (mainly because the NO<sub>x</sub> emissions reported here until 1999 are then reported under Category [[:sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start | 2.C.1]]). 
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany's federal structure causes a time lag for the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. +Recalculations were necessary for 2022 due to the implementation of the now finalised National Energy Balance. 
- +  
-<WRAP center round info 60%>For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates reported for Base Year and 2017, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.</WRAP> +<WRAP center round info 65%> 
 +For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]]. 
 +</WRAP>
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
 At the moment, no category-specific improvements are planned. At the moment, no category-specific improvements are planned.