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sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2023/03/21 13:14] – [Decommissioned hard-coal mines] kotzullasector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2025/04/29 13:22] (current) – [Planned improvements] kotzulla
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-====== 1.B.1 - Solid Fuels =====+====== 1.B.1 - Solid Fuels ======
 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:zollverein.jpg?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:zollverein.jpg?nolink&400|}}
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                          ||||^  EF                               ||||| +===== Short description =====
-| 1.B.1.a        |  T2, M                                                                            |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +
-| 1.B.1.b        |  T2, T3                                                                           |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +
-^  Key Category  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +
-| 1.B.1.a        |  -               |  -/-    |  -               |  -               |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -    |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    | +
-| 1.B.1.b        |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              |  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -   |  -   |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/T  |  -    |+
  
-.+^ Category Code                          ^  Method  ^  AD  ^  EF  ^ 
 +| 1.B.1.a                                |  T2, M   |  AS  |  CS  | 
 +| 1.B.1.b                                |  T2, T3  |  AS  |  CS  | 
 +| {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                        |||| 
 +\\
  
-{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+^  Key Category                          ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   | **As**  | **Cr**  | **Cu**  | **Ni**  | **Se**  | **Zn**  ^  PCDD/F  | **B(a)P**  | **B(b)F **  | **B(k)F **  | **I(x)P**  ^  PAHs  ^  HCB  ^ 
 +| 1.B.1.a                                |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  -/-               |  **-/T**          |  -/-  |  NA   |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA   |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  NA      |  -         |  -          |  -          |  -         |  NA    |  NA   | 
 +| 1.B.1.b                                |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              ^  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-     |  **L/T**   |  **-/T**    |  **-/T**    |  **-/T**   ^  -/T   |  NA   | 
 +| {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
 +\\
  
-. +Source category **1.B.1 - Solid fuels** consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only.
- +
-The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only.+
  
 <WRAP center round box 80%> <WRAP center round box 80%>
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
-===== Lignite production =====+===== Methodology ===== 
 + 
 +=== Lignite production ===
 {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:braunkohlenbriketts2.png?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:braunkohlenbriketts2.png?nolink&400|}}
  
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 __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__ __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__
-^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^ +^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^ 
-|  357   |  193   |  168   |  178   |  169   |  178   |  107   |  126   |+|  357   |  193   |  168   |  178   |  169   |  178   |  172   |  171   |  166   |  131   |  107   |  126   |  131   |  102   |
  
 __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__ __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__
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 |  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  0.002  | |  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  0.002  |
  
-===== Lignite coke production =====+=== Lignite coke production ===
  
 __Table 3: Annual amounts of lignite coke produced, in [Mt]__ __Table 3: Annual amounts of lignite coke produced, in [Mt]__
-^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^ +^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^ 
-|  3.3   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.1   |  0.2   |+|  3.36  |  0.19  |  0.18  |  0.17  |  0.18  |  0.17  |  0.16  |  0.15  |  0.16  |  0.16  |  0.15  |  0.16  |  0.14  |  0.16  |
  
-Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator. Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) [(UBA2007)] .+Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator.  
 +Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) by Jörß et al. (2007)[(JOERSS2007)].
  
-__Table 4: Emission factors applied for liginte-coke production__+__Table 4: Emission factors applied for lignite-coke production__
 ^  Pollutant         ^  Unit  ^  Value  ^ ^  Pollutant         ^  Unit  ^  Value  ^
 |  TSP               |  kg/t  |  0.1    | |  TSP               |  kg/t  |  0.1    |
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 |  PCDD/F            |  µg/t  |  0.03   | |  PCDD/F            |  µg/t  |  0.03   |
  
-===== Hard coal coke production =====+=== Hard coal coke production ===
  
 The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts//’s website (in German only) [(kohlenwirtschaft)].  The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts//’s website (in German only) [(kohlenwirtschaft)]. 
  
 __Table 5: Annual amounts of hard coal coke produced, in [Mt]__ __Table 5: Annual amounts of hard coal coke produced, in [Mt]__
-^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^ +^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^ 
-|  18.5  |  11.1  |  9.1   |  8.4   |  8.2   |  8.8   |  7.9   |  8.2   |+|  18.5  |  11.1  |  9.12  |  8.40  |  8.15  |  8.80  |  9.39  |  9.34  |  9.36  |  8.91  |  7.94  |  8.25  |  8.27  |  8.03  |
  
  
-The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) [(Hensmann2011)].+The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) by Hensmann et al. (2011) [(HENSMANN2011)].
  
 __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__ __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__
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-===== Charcoal production ===== +=== Decommissioned hard-coal mines ===
- +
-Small quantities of charcoal are produced in Germany – by one major charcoal-factory operator and in a number of demonstration charcoal kilns. The pertinent quantities are determined by the Federal Statistical Office and are subject to confidentiality requirements. The emission factors were obtained from US EPA 1995 [(NEULICHT1995)] .  +
- +
- +
-<WRAP center round box 50%> +
-Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under [[sector:ippu:other_product_use:charcoal:start|2.G. - Use of Charcoal for barbecues]]. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
- +
-===== Decommissioned hard-coal mines =====+
  
 NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, mine gas can escape from neighbouring rock, and from coal remaining in the mine, into the mine's network of shafts and passageways. Since the mine is no longer artificially ventilated, the mine gas collects and can then reach the surface via gas pathways in the overlying rock or via the mine's own shafts and passageways. Such mine gas was long seen primarily as a negative environmental factor. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the gas' positive characteristics as a fuel (due to its high methane content, it is used for energy recovery). In the past, use of mine gas was rarely cost-effective. This situation changed fundamentally in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Although mine gas is a fossil fuel in finite supply, its use supports climate protection, and thus the gas was included in the EEG. The Act requires network operators to accept, and provide specified compensation for, electricity generated with mine gas and fed into the grid.  NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, mine gas can escape from neighbouring rock, and from coal remaining in the mine, into the mine's network of shafts and passageways. Since the mine is no longer artificially ventilated, the mine gas collects and can then reach the surface via gas pathways in the overlying rock or via the mine's own shafts and passageways. Such mine gas was long seen primarily as a negative environmental factor. Recently, increasing attention has been given to the gas' positive characteristics as a fuel (due to its high methane content, it is used for energy recovery). In the past, use of mine gas was rarely cost-effective. This situation changed fundamentally in 2000 with the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Although mine gas is a fossil fuel in finite supply, its use supports climate protection, and thus the gas was included in the EEG. The Act requires network operators to accept, and provide specified compensation for, electricity generated with mine gas and fed into the grid. 
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 For more details please refer to the super-ordinate chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]] For more details please refer to the super-ordinate chapter [[sector:energy:fugitive:start|1.B - Fugitive Emissions from fossil fuels]]
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
 +
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
-It is planned to include pant specific data from charcoal production.+<WRAP center round info 50%> 
 +At the moment, no further category-specific improvements are planned. 
 +</WRAP>
  
-===== References ===== 
  
  
-[(UBA2007>Federal Environment Agency research project No. 204 42 202/2 "Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020", published in 2007 [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-massnahmenanalyse-feinstaub-2000-2020|External Link]] )] +[(JOERSS2007> Jörß et al. (2007): Jörß, W.; Handke, V. (Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (IZT), Berlin) mit Beiträgen von Lambrecht, U., Dünnebeil, Fr. (Institut für Energie und Umweltforschung Heidelberg (ifeu)): Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000–2020. UBA-TEXTE Nr. 38/200; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-massnahmenanalyse-feinstaub-2000-2020; on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt; Dessau-Roßlau, 2007.)]  
-[(CEPMEIP>Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections and Guidance (CEPMEIP) [[http://www.air.sk/tno/cepmeip/|External Link]] )] + 
-[(Hensmann2011>Hensmann et al. 2011)] +[(CEPMEIP> Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections and Guidance (CEPMEIP) [[http://www.air.sk/tno/cepmeip/|External Link]] )] 
-[(UBADFIU2010>Federal Environment Agency and DFIU research project "Anpassung der deutschen Methodik zur rechnerischen Emissionsermittlung an internationale Richtlinien, Teilbericht Prioritäre Quellen", 2010 (not available online) )] + 
-[(UBABFI2011>Federal Environment Agency and BFI research project No. 3707 42 301 “Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung“, 2011 [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionsfaktoren-zur-eisen-stahlindustrie-fuer|External Link]] )] +[(HENSMANN2011> Hensmann et al. (2011): Hensmann, M., Haardt, S., Ebert, D.: Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/4362.pdf; on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, October 2012)] 
-[(EMEPEEA2016>EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; published in 2016 [[https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives|External Link]] (last pageview: Dec 2016) )] + 
-[(NEULICHT1995>Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )]+[(UBADFIU2010>Federal Environment Agency and DFIU research project "Anpassung der deutschen Methodik zur rechnerischen Emissionsermittlung an internationale Richtlinien, Teilbericht Prioritäre Quellen", on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, 2010 (not available online) )] 
 + 
 +[(UBABFI2011> Federal Environment Agency and BFI research project No. 3707 42 301 “Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung“, 2011 [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionsfaktoren-zur-eisen-stahlindustrie-fuer|External Link]] )] 
 + 
 +[(EMEPEEA2016> EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives, Copenhagen, 2016)] 
 + 
 +[(NEULICHT1995> Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )]
 [(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas)] [(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas)]
-[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT>Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2019) [[https://kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2021) )] + 
-[(UBA>Dokumentation zur Berechnung des PM10-Austrags aus dem Tagebau Hambach im Jahr 2013 und Ableitung eines Emissionsfaktors (2021) [[https://thru.de/fileadmin/SITE_MASTER/content/Dokumente/Downloads/Sonstige_Downloads/Dokumentation_zur_Berechnung_des_PM10_Emissionsfaktors_20211029.pdf|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2023) )]+[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT> Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2019) [[https://kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2025) )] 
 + 
 +[(UBA>Dokumentation zur Berechnung des PM10-Austrags aus dem Tagebau Hambach im Jahr 2013 und Ableitung eines Emissionsfaktors (2021) [[https://web.archive.org/web/20221104092258/https://thru.de/fileadmin/SITE_MASTER/content/Dokumente/Downloads/Sonstige_Downloads/Dokumentation_zur_Berechnung_des_PM10_Emissionsfaktors_20211029.pdf|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2025) )]