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sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2024/03/14 12:09] – [Methodology] boettchersector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2025/04/29 13:22] (current) – [Planned improvements] kotzulla
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 ===== Short description ===== ===== Short description =====
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                          ||||^  EF                               ||||| +^ Category Code                          ^  Method  ^  AD  ^  EF  ^ 
-| 1.B.1.a        |  T2, M                                                                            |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +| 1.B.1.a                                |  T2, M   |  AS  |  CS  | 
-| 1.B.1.b        |  T2, T3                                                                           |||||  AS                                          |||||  CS                               ||||| +| 1.B.1.b                                |  T2, T3  |  AS  |  CS  | 
-^  Key Category  ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  PB  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +| {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                        |||| 
-| 1.B.1.a        |  -               |  -/-    |  -               |  -               |  -/-               |  -/-              |  -/-  |  -    |  -    |  -   |  -   |  -    |  -     |  -    |  -    | +\\
-| 1.B.1.b        |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              |  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -   |  -   |  -/-  |  -/-   |  -/T  |  -    |+
  
-.+^  Key Category                          ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC   ^  CO   ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg   | **As**  | **Cr**  | **Cu**  | **Ni**  | **Se**  | **Zn**  ^  PCDD/F  | **B(a)P**  | **B(b)F **  | **B(k)F **  | **I(x)P**  ^  PAHs  ^  HCB  ^ 
 +| 1.B.1.a                                |  NA              |  -/-    |  NA              |  NA              |  -/-               |  **-/T**          |  -/-  |  NA   |  NA   |  NA  |  NA  |  NA   |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  NA      |  -         |  -          |  -          |  -         |  NA    |  NA   | 
 +| 1.B.1.b                                |  -/-             |  -/-    |  -/-             |  -/-             |  -/-               |  -/-              ^  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-    |  -/-     |  **L/T**   |  **-/T**    |  **-/T**    |  **-/T**   ^  -/T   |  NA   | 
 +| {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
 +\\
  
-{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} +Source category **1.B.1 - Solid fuels** consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only.
- +
-. +
- +
-The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only.+
  
 <WRAP center round box 80%> <WRAP center round box 80%>
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 __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__ __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__
-^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2022  ^ +^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^ 
-|  357   |  193   |  168   |  178   |  169   |  178   |  107   |  131   |+|  357   |  193   |  168   |  178   |  169   |  178   |  172   |  171   |  166   |  131   |  107   |  126   |  131   |  102   |
  
 __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__ __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__
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 __Table 3: Annual amounts of lignite coke produced, in [Mt]__ __Table 3: Annual amounts of lignite coke produced, in [Mt]__
-^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^ +^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^ 
-|  3.3   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.2   |  0.1   |  0.1   |+|  3.36  |  0.19  |  0.18  |  0.17  |  0.18  |  0.17  |  0.16  |  0.15  |  0.16  |  0.16  |  0.15  |  0.16  |  0.14  |  0.16  |
  
-Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator. Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) [(UBA2007)] .+Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator.  
 +Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) by Jörß et al. (2007)[(JOERSS2007)].
  
-__Table 4: Emission factors applied for liginte-coke production__+__Table 4: Emission factors applied for lignite-coke production__
 ^  Pollutant         ^  Unit  ^  Value  ^ ^  Pollutant         ^  Unit  ^  Value  ^
 |  TSP               |  kg/t  |  0.1    | |  TSP               |  kg/t  |  0.1    |
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 __Table 5: Annual amounts of hard coal coke produced, in [Mt]__ __Table 5: Annual amounts of hard coal coke produced, in [Mt]__
-^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^ +^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2005  ^  2010  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^  2020  ^  2021  ^  2022  ^  2023  ^ 
-|  18.5  |  11.1  |  9.1   |  8.4   |  8.2   |  8.8   |  7.9   |  8.2   |+|  18.5  |  11.1  |  9.12  |  8.40  |  8.15  |  8.80  |  9.39  |  9.34  |  9.36  |  8.91  |  7.94  |  8.25  |  8.27  |  8.03  |
  
  
-The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) [(Hensmann2011)].+The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) by Hensmann et al. (2011) [(HENSMANN2011)].
  
 __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__ __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__
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 There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)]. There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)].
 Split factors for Black Carbon (BC) are based on the EMEP Guidebook 2016 [(EMEPEEA2016)]. Split factors for Black Carbon (BC) are based on the EMEP Guidebook 2016 [(EMEPEEA2016)].
- 
- 
-=== Charcoal production === 
- 
-Small quantities of charcoal are produced in Germany – by one major charcoal-factory operator and in a number of demonstration charcoal kilns. The pertinent quantities are determined by the Federal Statistical Office and are subject to confidentiality requirements. The emission factors were obtained from US EPA 1995 [(NEULICHT1995)] .  
- 
- 
-<WRAP center round box 50%> 
-Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under [[sector:ippu:other_product_use:charcoal:start|2.G. - Use of Charcoal for barbecues]]. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b. 
-</WRAP> 
  
  
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
-It is planned to include pant specific data from charcoal production.+<WRAP center round info 50%> 
 +At the moment, no further category-specific improvements are planned. 
 +</WRAP>
  
-===== References ===== 
  
  
-[(UBA2007>Federal Environment Agency research project No. 204 42 202/2 "Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020", published in 2007 [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-massnahmenanalyse-feinstaub-2000-2020|External Link]] )] +[(JOERSS2007> Jörß et al. (2007): Jörß, W.; Handke, V. (Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (IZT), Berlin) mit Beiträgen von Lambrecht, U., Dünnebeil, Fr. (Institut für Energie und Umweltforschung Heidelberg (ifeu)): Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000–2020. UBA-TEXTE Nr. 38/200; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionen-massnahmenanalyse-feinstaub-2000-2020; on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt; Dessau-Roßlau, 2007.)]  
-[(CEPMEIP>Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections and Guidance (CEPMEIP) [[http://www.air.sk/tno/cepmeip/|External Link]] )] + 
-[(Hensmann2011>Hensmann et al. 2011)] +[(CEPMEIP> Co-ordinated European Programme on Particulate Matter Emission Inventories, Projections and Guidance (CEPMEIP) [[http://www.air.sk/tno/cepmeip/|External Link]] )] 
-[(UBADFIU2010>Federal Environment Agency and DFIU research project "Anpassung der deutschen Methodik zur rechnerischen Emissionsermittlung an internationale Richtlinien, Teilbericht Prioritäre Quellen", 2010 (not available online) )] + 
-[(UBABFI2011>Federal Environment Agency and BFI research project No. 3707 42 301 “Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung“, 2011 [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionsfaktoren-zur-eisen-stahlindustrie-fuer|External Link]] )] +[(HENSMANN2011> Hensmann et al. (2011): Hensmann, M., Haardt, S., Ebert, D.: Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/4362.pdf; on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, October 2012)] 
-[(EMEPEEA2016>EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; published in 2016 [[https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives|External Link]] (last pageview: Dec 2016) )] + 
-[(NEULICHT1995>Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )]+[(UBADFIU2010>Federal Environment Agency and DFIU research project "Anpassung der deutschen Methodik zur rechnerischen Emissionsermittlung an internationale Richtlinien, Teilbericht Prioritäre Quellen", on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, 2010 (not available online) )] 
 + 
 +[(UBABFI2011> Federal Environment Agency and BFI research project No. 3707 42 301 “Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung“, 2011 [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionsfaktoren-zur-eisen-stahlindustrie-fuer|External Link]] )] 
 + 
 +[(EMEPEEA2016> EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2016; https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2016/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-b-fugitives, Copenhagen, 2016)] 
 + 
 +[(NEULICHT1995> Neulicht, R. (1995): Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 10.7 "Charcoal". [[https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/|External Link]] )]
 [(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas)] [(MEINERS2014>Meiners, H. (2014): Potential zur Freisetzung und Verwertung von Grubengas)]
-[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT>Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2019) [[https://kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2021) )] + 
-[(UBA>Dokumentation zur Berechnung des PM10-Austrags aus dem Tagebau Hambach im Jahr 2013 und Ableitung eines Emissionsfaktors (2021) [[https://thru.de/fileadmin/SITE_MASTER/content/Dokumente/Downloads/Sonstige_Downloads/Dokumentation_zur_Berechnung_des_PM10_Emissionsfaktors_20211029.pdf|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2023) )]+[(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT> Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2019) [[https://kohlenstatistik.de/|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2025) )] 
 + 
 +[(UBA>Dokumentation zur Berechnung des PM10-Austrags aus dem Tagebau Hambach im Jahr 2013 und Ableitung eines Emissionsfaktors (2021) [[https://web.archive.org/web/20221104092258/https://thru.de/fileadmin/SITE_MASTER/content/Dokumente/Downloads/Sonstige_Downloads/Dokumentation_zur_Berechnung_des_PM10_Emissionsfaktors_20211029.pdf|External Link]] (last pageview: March 2025) )]