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2.C.5 - Lead Production
Short description
Within this NFR subcategory, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, TSP, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn, PCB and PCDD/F emissions from the production of lead are reported.
| Category Code | Method | AD | EF |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.C.5 | T2 | AS | D, CS |
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| NOx | NMVOC | SO2 | NH3 | PM2.5 | PM10 | TSP | BC | CO | Pb | Cd | Hg | As | Cr | Cu | Ni | Se | Zn | PCDD/F | PAHs | HCB | PCB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NA | NA | -/- | NA | -/- | -/- | -/- | NE | NA | -/- | -/- | -/- | -/- | NA | -/- | NA | NE | -/- | -/- | NA | NA | L/T |
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Method
Activity data
The yearly production figures were taken from the annual statistical report of the German association for non-ferrous metals 1).
In 2023, the primary and secondary lead production amounted to 305.18 kt.
| 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| primary lead | 162,000 | 150,000 | 170,000 | 119,000 | 125,200 | 138,807 | 118,800 | 116,128 | 97,158 | 109,806 | 136,962 | 64,848 | 37,652 | 81,157 |
| secondary lead | 219,000 | 164,000 | 217,000 | 223,000 | 280,200 | 238,638 | 224,426 | 240,817 | 215,826 | 218,459 | 196,732 | 240,808 | 191,360 | 224,018 |
| TOTAL production | 381,000 | 314,000 | 387,000 | 342,000 | 405,400 | 377,445 | 343,226 | 356,945 | 312,984 | 328,265 | 333,694 | 305,656 | 229,012 | 305,175 |
Emission factors
The emission factor for SOx is a tier 1 default value according to the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023 2) and is supposed to be constant. All other emission factors are tier 2 level factors, have a decreasing trend and were determined in research projects. For heavy metals (HM), the applied emission factors are derived from a research project 3).
Table 1: emission factors applied for primary and secondary lead production (3 digits rounded off)
| EF (primary) | EF (secondary) | Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SO2 | 2.05 | kg/t | |
| PM2.5 | 17.5 | g/t | |
| PM10 | 21.3 | g/t | |
| TSP | 25 | g/t | |
| As | 49.213 | 41.179 | mg/t |
| Cd | 62.448 | 19.767 | mg/t |
| Cu | 162.663 | mg/t | |
| Hg | 0.3 | 0.325 | g/t |
| Pb | 6.028 | 4.506 | g/t |
| Zn | 664 | 50 | mg/t |
| PCB | 2.1 | mg/t | |
| PCDD/F | 0.34 | µg/t | |
Uncertainties
The uncertainties for the production amounts are 5% and for the emission factors not more than 300%. Only for dioxines the upper bond uncertainty is about 900%.
Recalculations
With activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised, no recalculations were carried out compared to the previous submission.
Planned improvements
The emission factor for PCB is still orientated to old emission guidebook values and seems to be to high due to legal terms. The factor could not be updated in this submiussion. The adaption will be shift to the next submission 2026.