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sector:ippu:mineral_industry:quarrying_mining:start [2023/10/30 10:54] – [Emission factors] kludtsector:ippu:mineral_industry:quarrying_mining:start [2025/04/29 13:29] (current) – [Planned improvements] kotzulla
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 ====== 2.A.5.a - Quarrying & Mining - Other Than Coal ====== ====== 2.A.5.a - Quarrying & Mining - Other Than Coal ======
  
-^ Category Code  ^  Method                                                                           ||||^  AD                                        ||||^  EF                              ||||| +^  Category Code                          ^  Method  ^  AD        ^  EF  ^ 
-| 2.A.5.a        |  T1/T2                                                                             |||||  NS/ IS/ AS                                      |||||  CS                              ||||| +|  2.A.5.a                                |  T1/T2   |  NS/IS/AS  |  CS  | 
-^                ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  NMVOC  ^  SO<sub>2</sub>  ^  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP  ^  BC  ^  CO  ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg  ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^ +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}                              ||||
-| Key Category:  |  -               |  -      |  -               |  -               |  L/-               |  L/T              |  L/-  |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -   |  -     |  -    |  -    |+
  
-{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}+----
  
-\\+| NO<sub>x</sub>                          |  NMVOC  |  SO<sub>2</sub>  |  NH<sub>3</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^ TSP   |  BC  |  CO  |  Heavy Metals  |  POPs  | 
 +|  NA                                     |  NA     |  NA              |  NA              ^  L/-               ^  L/T              ^  L/-  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA            |  NA    | 
 +|  {{page>general:Misc:LegendKCA:start}}                                                                                                                                 ||||||||||| 
 + 
 +Quarrying & Mining is the main source for particulate matter emissions within the entire **Mineral industries sub-sector (2.A)**.
  
-For particulate emissions, Mining is the main emissions source in the Mineral industries. 
  
-In Germany we use two approaches - one for Sands and rocks, one for salts. 
 ===== Short description ===== ===== Short description =====
  
-The mining process emits relevant amounts of particles. Quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal is subsumed, in particular mining of limestone, hard rock and building Sands, with rising recycled materials.+Generally, mining processes emit relevant amounts of particles.  
 + 
 +**NFR 2.A.5.a - Quarrying and mining of minerals (other than coal)** includes the mining of limestone, hard rock, and building sands, as well as the increasing use of corresponding recyclates.
  
-Salt production is a sub-category of the mining activities in respect of the country specific approach used.+Due to the country-specific approach applied, the production of (potash and rock) salt is a sub-category of the mining processes considered in the German air pollutant emissions inventory.
  
 ===== Methodology ===== ===== Methodology =====
  
-With the use of the 2019 GB method [(EMEP/EEA, 2019: EEA Report No 13/2019 EMEP EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019; URL: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-5-a-quarrying/view)], a Tier 2 method is available that can reflect different national conditions.+Withi the German air pollutant emissions inventory, different approaches are applied for (i) sands and rocks, and (ii) salts:
  
-In particular, this concerns input variables on humidity and wind speed, which are differentiated into regions. Due to data availability, the regions are represented by the administrative states (German Länder), which does not necessarily represent characteristic weather regimes. Regionality can be increased by merging urban and surface states. Parameters on weather as well as on areas can thus be improved, in a first step by using open wheather data back to 1990.+**Sands and Rocks**
  
-No area information from the Corine land cover before 2010 is used (consistent data sets). In addition, information from CLC category 131 (Mineral extraction sites [(Copernicus 2019: CLC-classes; URL: https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/html/index-clc-131.html)]) had to be adjusted for areas of active open-pit lignite mines.+By applying the 2023 GB method [(EMEPEEA2023)], a tier2 method is available reflecting different national conditions, in particular specific input variables on humidity and wind speed, which are localized according to  
 +the German federal states. Here, as the three German city-states (Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen) do not represent average weather conditions,  they are considered part of the surrounding federal states (Brandenburg, Schleswig-Hollstein,  
 +and Niedersachsen).  
 +Parameters on weather as well as on areas can thus be improved in the model mentioned above.  
 +In a first approach, this was done by using weather data from the German Weather Service (DWD), which can be obtained as daily station data from (DWD, 2024) [(DWD2024)]. 
 +No area information from the Corine land cover before 2010 is used (consistent data sets). In addition, information from CLC category 131 (Mineral extraction sites) had to be adjusted for areas of active open-pit lignite mines. (Copernicus, 2019) [(COPERNICUS2019)] 
  
-For salt production currently a Tier 1 method is used: information on production of salts are multiplied with country specific emission factors for TSP and PM. Please see the small relevance of this under trend diskussion.+**Salts** 
 + 
 +Salt mining represents only a minor portion (less than 4%, depending on the PM fraction) of the particulate-matter emissions reported for NFR 2.A.5.a.  
 + 
 +With respect to this limited scale of both activity and emissions, salt mining is considered too insignificant for the application of a higher tier (Please see trend discussion below). 
 +Therefore, in contrast to the mining/quarrying of sands and rocks described above, a tier1 approach based on information on production of salts and country-specific emission factors for TSP and PM is applied. 
  
 ===== Activity Data ===== ===== Activity Data =====
  
-As provided in the Guidebook model, specific AD for hard rock, sand, and recycled material are applied.  +**Sands and Rocks**
-Because of incomplete national statistics, these AD are taken from nationals and international association information [(European Industry Association data are published annually at https://www.aggregates-europe.eu/facts-figures/figures/)]. Within the framework of technical consultations, historical data were confirmed by the National Association for Mineral Resources [(https://www.bv-miro.org/)]. Now we are additionally in contact with Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources for figures og mineral raw materials [(https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Produkte/produkte_node.html)]. +
-For time series concsistency, data gaps are closed via interpolation or expert adjustement.+
  
-The data from national statistics includes production of potash and rock salt. Potash salt is dominating, nevertheless gaps of statistics are filled and emissions are modelled as potash salt only.+As provided in the calculation model presented with the EMEP/EEA Guidebook, specific activity data for hard rock, sand, and recycled material are applied.  
 +Here, due to incomplete national statistics, these specific AD are taken from national and international association information available from Aggregates Europe – UEPG (2024) [(UEPG2024)]. 
  
-===== Emission factors =====+Within the framework of technical consultations, historical data were confirmed by the National Association for Mineral Resources [(BVMIRO2024)]. 
  
-The calculation of emissions takes into account national circumstances and reduction measures.The calculations are available in total more than ten Excel files (individual years since 1990, annually from 2010). Since the GB tool in principle calculates emissions for exactly one year [(EMEP/EEA, 2019: EEA Report No 13/2019 EMEP EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, Copenhagen, 2019; URL: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-5-a-quarrying-1/view)], files must be available for exactly those years in which input data are available. Intermediate years are interpolated in case of data gaps.+However, additional information and figures on mineral raw materials are compiled by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) [(BGR)] but are not yet available.
  
-With the help of the GB tools, IEFs are estimated on an annual basis, which are used for the inventory method AR x EF. The emission factors are virtual, but the calculation of this is modified by national circumstances on the parameters. So we would name the EF as country-specific.+Therefore, for time series consistency, data gaps are closed via interpolation or expert adjustments.
  
-The emission factors for salt production are based on analogy to bulk product handling by an UBA expert judgement:+**Salts** 
  
-__Table 2: Overview of applied emission factors, in kg/t salt__ +Production data for potash and rock salt are included in national statistics, with data gaps being filled as already described for sands and rocks above.  
-^                      |^  EF value      |^  EF trend     || +Here, as potash salt is dominating, all reported emissions are modelled as resulting from potash salt.
-^ TSP                  ||  0.031         ||  constant     || +
-^ PM<sub>10</sub>      ||  0.016         ||  constant     || +
-^ PM<sub>2.5</sub>     ||  0.003         ||  constant     || +
-===== Trend discussion =====+
  
-Trends in emissions follow the shrinking mining activities. 
  
-[{{sector:ippu:mineral_industry:EM_2A5a_since_1990.PNG| Emission trends in NFR 2.A.5.a}}] 
  
 +===== Emission factors =====
  
-===== Recalculations =====+**Sands and Rocks** 
  
-<WRAP center round info 60%> +As described above, the calculation model provided by the EEA as part of the EMEP/EEA GB takes into account national circumstances and reduction measures. 
-With **activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised**, no recalculations were carried out compared to Submission 2022. +The calculations are available in from of more than ten MS Excel files (individual years since 1990, annually from 2010). 
-</WRAP>+Since the GB tool in principle calculates emissions for exactly one year [(EMEPEEA2023)], files must be available for those years for which specific input data are available.  
 +In case of data gaps,  intermediate years are interpolated .
  
-=====Planned improvements =====+With the help of the GB tools, annual implied EFs are estimated which are used for the inventory method (EM = AR x EF).  
 +As the calculation of this implied emission factors is influenced by national circumstances and weather conditions, the EF are consideres as being country-specific.
  
-At the moment, it is planned evaluate further Country specific conditions. +**Salts** 
-===== Short description - Salt Production =====+
  
-Salt production is a sub-category of the mining activities in respect of the country specific approach used. Currently, a Tier 1 method is used: information on production of salts are multiplied with emission factors for TSP and PM.+The emission factors for salt production are based on analogy to bulk product handling by an UBA expert judgement:
  
-===== Method ===== +__Table 2: Overview of emission factors applied for salt mining, in [kg/t salt]__ 
-==== Activity data ==== +^                      |^  value      |^  trend     || 
-The data from national statistics includes production of potash and rock salt. Potash salt is dominating, nevertheless gaps of statistics are filled and emissions are modelled as potash salt only.+^ TSP                  ||  0.031      ||  constant over time    || 
 +^ PM<sub>10</sub>      ||  0.016      ||  constant over time      || 
 +^ PM<sub>2.5</sub>     ||  0.003      ||  constant over time      || 
 + 
 +===== Trend discussion ===== 
 + 
 +Trends in emissions follow the shrinking mining activities. 
 + 
 +[{{sector:ippu:mineral_industry:EM_2A5a_since_1990.PNG| Emission trends in NFR 2.A.5.a}}]
  
-==== Emission factors ==== +note: small change for 2023
-The emission factors are based on analogy to bulk product handling by an UBA expert judgement:+
  
-__Table 2: Overview of applied emission factors, in kg/t salt__ +As mentioned above, emissions from salt mining represent only a small portion (less than 4%) of the total emissions allocated to NFR sub-sector 2.A.5.a, depending on the specific pm fraction.
-^                      |^  EF value      |^  EF trend     || +
-^ TSP                  ||  0.031         ||  constant     || +
-^ PM<sub>10</sub>      ||  0.016         ||  constant     || +
-^ PM<sub>2.5</sub>     ||  0.003         ||  constant     ||+
  
 +[{{:sector:ippu:mineral_industry:quarrying_mining:share-of-salt-in-mining.png|**share-of-salt-in-mining**}}]
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-<WRAP center round info 60%> +Recalculations were necessary due to updated production figures for the most recent year. 
-With **activity data and emission factors remaining unrevised**, no recalculations were carried out compared to Submission 2022.+ 
 +<WRAP center round info 65%> 
 +For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
  
 +=====Planned improvements =====
  
-===== Planned improvements =====+<WRAP center round info 45%> 
 +It is planned to further evaluate country-specific conditions. 
 +</WRAP>
  
-At the moment, no category-specific improvements are planned. 
  
 +[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023; https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/2-industrial-processes-and-product-use/2-a-mineral-products/2-a-5-a-quarrying-1/view; Copenhagen, 2023)]
 +[(DWD2024> DWD (2024): ClimateDataCenter (CDC): https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_germany/climate/daily/kl/ )]
 +[(COPERNICUS2019> Copernicus (2019): CLC-classes, https://land.copernicus.eu/user-corner/technical-library/corine-land-cover-nomenclature-guidelines/html/index-clc-131.html)]
 +[(UEPG2024> Aggregates Europe – UEPG (2023): aggregates production data for European countries: https://www.aggregates-europe.eu/facts-figures/figures/; Brussels, Belgium, 2023)]
 +[(BVMIRO2024> BV-Miro (2024): National Association for Mineral Resources: https://www.bv-miro.org/ )]
 +[(BGR> BGR - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources): https://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Min_rohstoffe/Produkte/produkte_node.html; )]