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sector:other_and_natural_sources:natural_sources [2023/04/13 09:22] – [Table] kotzullasector:other_and_natural_sources:natural_sources [2024/11/06 14:56] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-===== 11.C - Other Natural Sources =====+====== 11 - Natural Sources ======
  
-====Short description ====+Within **11 - Natural Sources**, natural activities and resulting emissions are considered.
  
-^  NFR-Code  ^  Name of category  ^  Method ^  AD  ^  EF  ^  Key Category  ^ +^  NFR-Code  ^  Name of category                                                                  ^  Method                        ^  AD  ^  EF  ^  Key Category                              ^ 
-|  11.C      |  **Lightning**     |  T1     |  NS  |  D   |                |+|  11.A      | Volcanoes                                                                          |  //not occurring in Germany//                                                          |||| 
 +|  11.B      | [[sector:other_and_natural_sources:natural_sources:forest_fires| Forest Fires]]    |  CS, T2                        |  CS  |  D   | //not included in key category analysis//  | 
 +|  11.C      | [[sector:other_and_natural_sources:natural_sources:other| Other Natural Sources]]  |  //see sub-categories//                                                                ||||
  
  
-Lightning and corona discharge during thunderstorm events cause atmospheric chemical reactions to take place at high voltages and high temperatures. These reactions cause the production of NO<sub>x</sub> in the atmosphere. 
- 
-====Methodology==== 
- 
-The calculation of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from lightning uses strike counts from the German weather service and default emission factors from the EMEP/EEA guidebook. 
- 
-For the complete time series, the emissions are calculated as follows:  
- 
-<WRAP center round info 50%> 
-**EM** = **AD** (number of lightning strikes) * ** EF** (kg emission per strike) 
-</WRAP> 
- 
-===Activity data === 
-The number of lightning strikes in Germany is taken from a commercial system called "BLIDS" run by Siemens. The data has been cross-referenced with information from the German weather service. Consistent strike count data is available from 1992 onward and has been back-populated to cover the full time series since 1990. The following table shows the strike figures over time. 
- 
-Table 1: Lightning strikes in Germany from 1990 onwards 
-^  Year  ^  Strike count [1000 strikes]  ^ 
-|  1990  |  443                          | 
-|  1991  |  443                          | 
-|  1992  |  370                          | 
-|  1993  |  274                          | 
-|  1994  |  429                          | 
-|  1995  |  394                          | 
-|  1996  |  218                          | 
-|  1997  |  255                          | 
-|  1998  |  428                          | 
-|  1999  |  589                          | 
-|  2000  |  1,026                        | 
-|  2001  |  591                          | 
-|  2002  |  1,023                        | 
-|  2003  |  813                          | 
-|  2004  |  741                          | 
-|  2005  |  802                          | 
-|  2006  |  1,001                        | 
-|  2007  |  1,139                        | 
-|  2008  |  990                          | 
-|  2009  |  917                          | 
-|  2010  |  589                          | 
-|  2011  |  687                          | 
-|  2012  |  656                          | 
-|  2013  |  542                          | 
-|  2014  |  623                          | 
-|  2015  |  550                          | 
-|  2016  |  432                          | 
-|  2017  |  443                          | 
-|  2018  |  446                          | 
-|  2019  |  329                          | 
-|  2020  |  399                          | 
-|  2021  |  512                          | 
- 
-===Emission factor=== 
-For the calculation of emissions in this category, the Guidebook emission factor of 2.75 kg NOx per strike is used. 
- 
-====Emission Trend==== 
-The emission value is solely dependent on the strike count and varies between 1 to 3 kilotons of NOx per year.  
- 
-Figure 1: NFR 11.C, NOx emissions from lightning 
- 
-{{ :sector:natural_sources:11c_nox_from_lightning.png?nolink&600 |}} 
- 
-===== Recalculations ===== 
- 
-<WRAP center round info 60%> 
-As these activities and emissions are reported for the first time, no specific recalculations occur against a previous submission. 
-</WRAP> 
- 
- 
-==== Uncertainties ==== 
-The AD from BLIDS does have a low uncertainty of ± 3%. The uncertainties for the emission factors are estimated to be relatively high, being a default value. Hence the overall uncertainty for the emission estimation of NO<sub>x</sub> from lightning is qualified estimated by expert judgement to be high (>50%). 
- 
-====Quality checks==== 
-No sector-specific quality checks are done. 
- 
-====Planned Improvement==== 
-Currently no improvements are planned.