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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:manufacture_of_solid_fuels_and_other_energy_industries [2021/01/21 11:09] – [Recalculations] Fixed box gniffkesector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:manufacture_of_solid_fuels_and_other_energy_industries [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 Source category //1.A.1.c - Manufacture Of Solid Fuels And Other Energy Industries// includes hard-coal and lignite mining, coking and briquetting plants and extraction of crude oil and natural gas. Used-oil processing plants are also included. Here, CO emissions from coking plants are reported in NFR sub-category 1.B.1.b. Source category //1.A.1.c - Manufacture Of Solid Fuels And Other Energy Industries// includes hard-coal and lignite mining, coking and briquetting plants and extraction of crude oil and natural gas. Used-oil processing plants are also included. Here, CO emissions from coking plants are reported in NFR sub-category 1.B.1.b.
  
-^ Method ^ AD ^ EF ^ Key Category ^ +^ Category Code  ^  Method                                ||||^  AD                                ||||^  EF                                  ||||| 
-| T2  | NS | CS | **L & T**: NO<sub>x</sub>, SO<sub>x</sub>, TSP, Hg, Cd |+| 1.A.1.c        |  T2                                    |||||  NS                                |||||  CS                                  ||||| 
 +^  Key Category  ^  SO₂     ^  NOₓ  ^  NH₃  ^  NMVOC  ^  CO   ^  BC   ^  Pb   ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^  Diox  ^  PAH  ^  HCB  ^  TSP  ^  PM₁₀  ^  PM₂ ₅  ^ 
 +| 1.A.1.c         |  L/T        |  L/T  |  -/-  |  -/-    |  -/-  |  -/-  |  -/-  |  L/T  |  L/T  |  -/-   |  -/-  |  -/-  |  L/T  |  -/T   |  -/T    |
  
 {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}} {{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
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 __Table 1: Implied emission factors for manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industry__ __Table 1: Implied emission factors for manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industry__
-^ Pollutant       ^  SOx       ^  NOx    ^  TSP   ^  CO    ^  Pb      ^  Hg    ^  Cd   ^ +^ Pollutant      ^  SOx      ^  NOx   ^  TSP  ^  CO   ^  Pb      ^  Hg   ^  Cd   ^ 
-^ Fuel            ^  [kg/TJ]                            ^^^^  [g/TJ]                 ^^^ +^ Fuel           ^  [kg/TJ]                        |||^  [g/TJ]                ||| 
-^ Hard Coal       |      83.2  |   72.0  |   2.4  |   7.7  |    1.53  |  2.10  |  0.50 | +^ Hard Coal      |      83.2 |   72.0 |   2.4 |   7.7 |     1.53 |  2.10 |  0.50 | 
-^ Lignite         |     108.9  |   80.5  |   3.2  |  25.0  |    1.50  |  2.78  |  0.17 | +^ Lignite        |     128.3 |   86.9 |   3.6 |  26.3 |     1.41 |  2.77 |  0.16 | 
-^ Pit gas         |       2.0  |  118.0  |   0.3  |  72.0  |  NE      |  NE    |  NE   | +^ Pit gas        |       2.0 |  118.0 |   0.3 |  72.0 |  NE      |  NE   |  NE   | 
-^ Coke oven gas   |      89.0  |   78.0  |   0.3  |   2.6  |  NE      |  NE    |  NE   | +^ Coke oven gas  |      89.0 |   78.0 |   0.3 |   2.6 |  NE      |  NE   |  NE   | 
-^ Sewage sludge   |       2.0  |   29.0  |   0.5  |   2.2  |    3.20  |  2.40  |  0.34 |+^ Sewage sludge  |       2.0 |   29.0 |   0.5 |   2.2 |     3.20 |  2.40 |  0.34 |
  
 The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. Actually there are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude. The table gives an overview of the implied emission factors. In reality the German inventory compiling process is very complex and includes the use of a considerable number of emission factors, which cannot be published completely in the IIR. Actually there are different emission factors available for diverse fuel types, various techniques and licensing requirements. However, the implied emission factor may give an impression about the order of magnitude.
-PM,,10,, and PM,,2.5,, emission factors are calculated as a fraction of TSP. The share of PM,,10,, is 90 % and the share of PM,,2.5,, is 80 %. This is a simple but also conservative approach, knowing that, in reality, PM emissions depend on fuel, combustion and abatement technologies. PM emission reporting starts in 1995, since no sufficient information about the dust composition of the early 1990th is available.+PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emission factors are calculated as a fraction of TSP. The share of PM<sub>10</sub> is 90 % and the share of PM<sub>2.5</sub> is 80 %. This is a simple but also conservative approach, knowing that, in reality, PM emissions depend on fuel, combustion and abatement technologies. PM emission reporting starts in 1995, since no sufficient information about the dust composition of the early 1990th is available.
 Emission factors of sewage sludge refer to mono-incineration, using fluidized-bed combustion. Emission factors of coke oven gas does not include underfiring systems of coking plants. The determination of emission factors of coking plants is described in the study: "Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung" (VDEh, 2010) [(Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung; Michael Hensmann, Sebastian Haardt, Dominik Ebert (VDEh-Betriebsforschungsinstitut GmbH, Düsseldorf, Juli 2010), FKZ: 3707 42 301/01 und 3707 41 111/2; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionsfaktoren-zur-eisen-stahlindustrie-fuer)]. Emission factors refer to the produced amount of coke, distinction is drawn between diffuse and channelled sources. The following graph gives an overview of the methodology: Emission factors of sewage sludge refer to mono-incineration, using fluidized-bed combustion. Emission factors of coke oven gas does not include underfiring systems of coking plants. The determination of emission factors of coking plants is described in the study: "Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung" (VDEh, 2010) [(Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung; Michael Hensmann, Sebastian Haardt, Dominik Ebert (VDEh-Betriebsforschungsinstitut GmbH, Düsseldorf, Juli 2010), FKZ: 3707 42 301/01 und 3707 41 111/2; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/emissionsfaktoren-zur-eisen-stahlindustrie-fuer)]. Emission factors refer to the produced amount of coke, distinction is drawn between diffuse and channelled sources. The following graph gives an overview of the methodology:
  
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 The following diagrams give an overview and assistance for explaining dominant emission trends of selected pollutants. The following diagrams give an overview and assistance for explaining dominant emission trends of selected pollutants.
  
-==== Sulfur Oxides - SO<sub>x</sub> ====+==== Sulfur Oxides - SOx ====
 {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_sox.png?400|Annual SO2 emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c}} {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_sox.png?400|Annual SO2 emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c}}
 {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_sox_2000.png?400|Annual SO2 emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c, details 2000-2019}} {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_sox_2000.png?400|Annual SO2 emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c, details 2000-2019}}
  
-The graph shows sharp declining SO,,x,, emissions between 1990 and 1995 due to decreasing lignite consumption as well as the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. In the former GDR lignite industry was of prime importance for the economy. After the reunification lignite briquette production in eastern Germany collapsed. The remaining factories had to install flue gas desulphurisation plants. +The graph shows sharp declining SO<sub>x</sub> emissions between 1990 and 1995 due to decreasing lignite consumption as well as the implementation of stricter regulations in eastern Germany. In the former GDR lignite industry was of prime importance for the economy. After the reunification lignite briquette production in eastern Germany collapsed. The remaining factories had to install flue gas desulphurisation plants. 
-The strong decline of SO,,2,, emissions in 2012 can be explained by the change of some power plants from the industrial to the public sector as a result of the closure of hard coal mines. A further reduction of SO,,2,, emissions followed in 2016 when the reduction efficiency of desulfurization plants increased from 95 to 96%. +The strong decline of SO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2012 can be explained by the change of some power plants from the industrial to the public sector as a result of the closure of hard coal mines. A further reduction of SO<sub>2</sub> emission factors followed in 2016 when the reduction efficiency of desulfurization plants increased from 95 to 96%. However, this effect is counterbalanced by the increased use of lignite.  
  
-==== Nitrogen Oxides - NO<sub>X</sub> ====+==== Nitrogen Oxides - NOx ====
 {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_nox.png?400|Annual NOx emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c}} {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_nox.png?400|Annual NOx emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c}}
  
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 {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_cd.png?400|Annual Cd emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c}} {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:energy_industries:1a1c_em_cd.png?400|Annual Cd emissions from stationary plants in 1.A.1.c}}
  
-Similar to SO,,x,, emissions, TSP and Priority Heavy Metal emission trends show a high dominance of emissions from lignite combustion. Like already discussed for other pollutant, the main reason for sharp declining emissions in this sector is the complete restructuring of the east German lignite industry. The low standard of dust abatement in eastern Germany in the early 1990s involved high heavy metal emissions too. The closing of briquette factories and the implementation of stricter regulations resulted in a considerably improvement of the air quality especially in the New German Länder.+Similar to SO<sub>x</sub> emissions, TSP and Priority Heavy Metal emission trends show a high dominance of emissions from lignite combustion. Like already discussed for other pollutant, the main reason for sharp declining emissions in this sector is the complete restructuring of the east German lignite industry. The low standard of dust abatement in eastern Germany in the early 1990s involved high heavy metal emissions too. The closing of briquette factories and the implementation of stricter regulations resulted in a considerably improvement of the air quality especially in the New German Länder.
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
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 Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary.  Recalculations were necessary for the latest reference year (2018) due to the availability of the National Energy Balance. Germany has a federal structure which causes a time lack of the National Energy Balance. Therefore recalculations are always necessary. 
          
-<WRAP center round info 60%> For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[[recalculations | 8.1 - Recalculations]]].</WRAP>+<WRAP center round info 60%> 
 +For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]]. 
 +</WRAP>
  
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
  
 At the moment, no category-specific improvements are planned.  At the moment, no category-specific improvements are planned.