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1.A.3.a i (i) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: LTO

Short description

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (i) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: LTO emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.a.i.(i) T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
Key Category SO₂ NOₓ NH₃ NMVOC CO BC Pb Hg Cd Diox PAH HCB TSP PM₁₀ PM₂ ₅
1.A.3.a.i.(i) -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- - -/- - -/- -/- -/-

Click to view Legend

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T = key source by Trend L = key source by Level

Methods
D Default
RA Reference Approach
T1 Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2 Tier 2*
T3 Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C CORINAIR
CS Country Specific
M Model
* as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007, in the group specific chapters.
AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS National Statistics
RS Regional Statistics
IS International Statistics
PS Plant Specific data
AS Associations, business organisations
Q specific questionnaires, surveys
EF - Emission Factors
D Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C Confidential
CS Country Specific
PS Plant Specific data


Methodology

Actitvity Data

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the main chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: Percentual annual fuel consumption during LTO-stage of international flights

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Jet Kerosene 8,17 7,80 8,19 8,00 7,97 7,95 7,91 7,86 7,90 7,81 7,92 7,98 7,98 8,09 8,11 8,13 8,18 8,15
Aviation Gasoline 5,24 11,8 11,1 19,1 20,5 23,2 20,4 20,2 19,8 17,3 19,1 22,2 26,3 20,8 42,2 43,7 51,4 61,6

source: Knörr et al. (2020c) 1) &: Gores (2020) 2)

Table 2: annual LTO fuel consumption for international flights, in terajoule

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Jet Kerosene 13.252 16.012 21.465 24.860 26.063 26.992 27.184 26.249 26.115 24.796 27.036 27.726 26.778 27.115 29.304 32.205 33.340 32.948
Aviation Gasoline 25,7 21,6 21,5 21,7 22,5 23,2 21,1 19,2 19,0 14,3 14,3 13,9 14,2 15,3 11,8 12,5 12,8 10,5

source: Knörr et al. (2020c) 3) &: Gores (2020) 4)

Emission factors

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) 5) and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV 6).

For more information, please see superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
JET KEROSENE
NH3 3,98 3,95 3,95 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97
NMVOC 59,7 36,11 25,68 22,88 22,86 22,46 22,02 21,16 21,23 20,77 20,46 20,30 19,88 20,48 20,25 20,77 21,43 20,69
NOx 297 306 303 324 325 330 331 338 342 345 346 349 353 352 357 358 355 357
SOx 19,7 19,5 19,5 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6 19,6
BC1 1,78 1,63 1,45 1,37 1,33 1,28 1,25 1,23 1,21 1,20 1,18 1,17 1,15 1,14 1,13 1,12 1,12 1,10
PM2 3,71 3,40 3,02 2,86 2,76 2,66 2,60 2,56 2,52 2,49 2,46 2,44 2,40 2,38 2,35 2,33 2,33 2,30
CO 249 227 236 219 217 211 209 203 203 199 199 197 194 196 192 192 195 192
AVIATION GASOLINE
NH3 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
NMVOC 459 484 466 469 455 456 460 475 470 521 514 515 521 514 495 494 528 548
NOx 73,1 68,7 71,7 71,7 73,6 71,5 70,6 66,4 66,1 56,0 55,9 57,6 60,1 55,9 53,7 53,3 52,5 56,0
SOx 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46 0,46
BC1 9,05 9,59 9,33 9,59 9,21 9,48 9,44 10,2 10,3 11,0 11,0 10,9 10,4 11,3 11,3 11,0 11,9 11,2
PM2 60,3 64,0 62,2 64,0 61,4 63,2 63,0 67,8 68,6 73,5 73,4 72,7 69,2 75,5 75,6 73,4 79,1 74,5
TSP3 75,5 79,1 77,4 79,1 76,6 78,4 78,1 83,0 83,8 88,7 88,5 87,9 84,3 90,7 90,8 88,5 94,3 89,6
CO 20.188 20.764 20.440 20.152 20.057 20.400 20.612 21.105 21.199 22.662 22.769 22.422 22.168 22.650 23.205 23.427 23.210 22.827

1 estimated via a f-BCs (avgas: 0.15, jet kerosene: 0.48) as provided in 7)
2 EF(PM,,2.5,,) also applied for PM,,10,, and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP from diesel oil combustion consists of PM,,2.5,,)
3 also including TSP from lead: EF(TSP) = 1.6 x EF(Pb) - see road transport

For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

NFR 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation - LTO is no key category.

Recalculations

As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to Eurocontrol AEM model and the underlying fleet composition.

Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated…

Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Submission 2021 8,17 7,80 8,19 8,00 7,97 7,95 7,91 7,86 7,90 7,81 7,92 7,98 7,98 8,09 8,11 8,13 8,18
Submission 2020 8,31 7,84 8,21 8,02 7,98 7,96 7,92 7,87 7,91 7,82 7,95 8,05 8,15 8,24 8,26 8,28 8,32
absolute change -0,15 -0,03 -0,02 -0,01 -0,01 -0,01 -0,01 -0,01 -0,01 -0,01 -0,03 -0,07 -0,17 -0,15 -0,15 -0,15 -0,15
relative change -1,75% -0,42% -0,27% -0,14% -0,13% -0,15% -0,16% -0,18% -0,17% -0,17% -0,34% -0,85% -2,05% -1,79% -1,80% -1,82% -1,78%

… and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:

Table 4: Revised kerosene usage in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Submission 2021 13.252 16.012 21.465 24.860 26.063 26.992 27.184 26.249 26.115 24.796 27.036 27.726 26.778 27.115 29.304 32.205 33.340
Submission 2020 13.676 15.973 21.785 25.168 26.381 27.295 27.439 26.538 26.256 24.701 27.164 28.075 27.274 27.546 29.875 32.999 34.160
absolute change -424 39 -320 -308 -318 -304 -255 -289 -141 95 -128 -350 -497 -431 -571 -794 -820
relative change -3,10% 0,25% -1,47% -1,22% -1,21% -1,11% -0,93% -1,09% -0,54% 0,39% -0,47% -1,24% -1,82% -1,56% -1,91% -2,40% -2,40%

Furthermore, for the first time, the use of aviation gasoline (avgas) for international flights has been estimated. These amounts have been re-allocated from NFR 1.A.3.a ii (i), where 100% of avgas consumption has been allocated so far.

Table 5: Amounts of avgas consumed during the L/TO stage of international flights from Germany, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Submission 2021 25,7 21,6 21,5 21,7 22,5 23,2 21,1 19,2 19,0 14,3 14,3 13,9 14,2 15,3 11,8 12,5 12,8
Submission 2020 IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE IE
absolute change 25,7 21,6 21,5 21,7 22,5 23,2 21,1 19,2 19,0 14,3 14,3 13,9 14,2 15,3 11,8 12,5 12,8

In parallel, the majority of country-specific emission factors has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the Eurocontrol's AEM model, taking into account the development of fleet composition and engine technology.

Table 6: Revised country-specific emission factors applied for jet kerosene

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
NH,,3,,
Submission 2020 3,98 3,95 3,95 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97 3,97
Submission 2019 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00 4,00
absolute change -0,02 -0,05 -0,05 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03 -0,03
relative change -0,48% -1,16% -1,16% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70% -0,70%
NMVOC
Submission 2020 59,7 36,1 25,7 22,9 22,9 22,5 22,0 21,2 21,2 20,8 20,5 20,3 19,9 20,5 20,2 20,8 21,4
Submission 2019 56,6 37,1 25,0 22,6 22,8 22,5 22,1 21,3 21,9 21,8 21,8 21,7 21,2 21,9 21,7 22,3 23,0
absolute change 3,14 -1,02 0,71 0,31 0,05 -0,06 -0,09 -0,13 -0,66 -1,03 -1,29 -1,42 -1,36 -1,46 -1,42 -1,55 -1,58
relative change 5,54% -2,74% 2,84% 1,39% 0,22% -0,25% -0,41% -0,63% -3,02% -4,72% -5,94% -6,55% -6,42% -6,67% -6,57% -6,93% -6,86%
NO,,x,,
Submission 2020 297 306 303 324 325 330 331 338 342 345 346 349 353 352 357 358 355
Submission 2019 283 299 285 307 310 314 316 324 330 333 334 337 343 340 345 347 345
absolute change 13,45 7,01 17,86 16,20 15,07 15,54 14,96 14,73 12,65 11,89 11,46 11,67 9,20 11,91 11,48 10,91 10,60
relative change 4,75% 2,34% 6,26% 5,27% 4,86% 4,94% 4,73% 4,55% 3,84% 3,57% 3,43% 3,46% 2,68% 3,50% 3,33% 3,15% 3,08%
BC
Submission 2020 1,78 1,63 1,45 1,37 1,33 1,28 1,25 1,23 1,21 1,20 1,18 1,17 1,15 1,14 1,13 1,12 1,12
Submission 2019 1,20 1,19 1,19 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20 1,20
absolute change 0,58 0,44 0,26 0,17 0,13 0,08 0,05 0,03 0,01 0,00 -0,02 -0,03 -0,05 -0,06 -0,07 -0,08 -0,08
relative change 48,2% 36,8% 21,6% 14,6% 10,7% 6,72% 4,06% 2,69% 1,16% -0,04% -1,56% -2,21% -3,99% -4,79% -5,85% -6,74% -6,76%
PM
Submission 2020 3,71 3,40 3,02 2,86 2,76 2,66 2,60 2,56 2,52 2,49 2,46 2,44 2,40 2,38 2,35 2,33 2,33
Submission 2019 2,50 2,48 2,48 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,49 2,49 2,49
absolute change 1,21 0,91 0,54 0,36 0,27 0,17 0,10 0,07 0,03 0,00 -0,04 -0,06 -0,10 -0,12 -0,15 -0,17 -0,17
relative change 48,2% 36,8% 21,6% 14,6% 10,7% 6,72% 4,06% 2,69% 1,16% -0,04% -1,56% -2,21% -3,99% -4,79% -5,85% -6,74% -6,76%
CO
Submission 2020 249 227 236 219 217 211 209 203 203 199 199 197 194 196 192 192 195
Submission 2019 225 214 209 192 192 188 186 181 186 185 188 187 182 186 182 183 185
absolute change 23,3 13,1 27,7 27,0 24,4 23,3 22,4 21,4 16,5 13,3 11,4 10,5 11,8 9,91 9,36 8,63 9,46
relative change 10% 6,13% 13,3% 14,0% 12,7% 12,4% 12,0% 11,8% 8,87% 7,17% 6,05% 5,59% 6,49% 5,32% 5,14% 4,72% 5,10%

For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

For uncertainties information, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

Planned improvements

For information on planned improvements, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

FAQs

1), 3), 6) Knörr et al. (2020c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) 2018 - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2020.
2), 4) Gores (2020): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2018, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2020.
5) Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.
7) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.