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1.A.3.a i (i) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: LTO
Short description
In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (i) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: LTO emissions during LTO stage (Landing/Take-off: 0-3,000 feet) are reported. In the following, information on sub-category specific AD, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.
Method | AD | EF | Key Category |
---|---|---|---|
T1, T2, T3 | NS, M | CS, D, M | no key category |
Methodology
Actitvity Data
Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the main chapter on civil aviation.
Table 1: annual jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage, in terajoules
1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
13,676 | 15,973 | 21,785 | 25,168 | 26,381 | 27,295 | 27,439 | 26,538 | 26,256 | 24,701 | 27,164 | 28,075 | 27,274 | 27,546 | 29,875 | 32,999 | 34,160 |
source: Knörr et al. (2019c) & Gores (2019) 1), 2)
gallery size="medium" : 1A3ai(i)_AD.png gallery
Emission factors
All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 (Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010)) 3) and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV 4).
For more information, please see superordinate chapter on civil aviation.
Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ
1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
NH3 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | |
NMVOC | 13.4 | 9.47 | 5.93 | 5.44 | 5.35 | 5.20 | 5.07 | 4.95 | 4.91 | 4.81 | 4.70 | 4.70 | 4.64 | 4.65 | 4.46 | 4.52 | 4.64 | |
NOx | 308 | 313 | 319 | 330 | 331 | 334 | 335 | 339 | 346 | 349 | 354 | 354 | 354 | 354 | 359 | 361 | 362 | |
SOx | 19.7 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19.6 | |
PM1 | 3.98 | 4.19 | 4.33 | 4.11 | 4.07 | 4.02 | 3.95 | 3.91 | 3.87 | 3.84 | 3.81 | 3.78 | 3.72 | 3.72 | 3.74 | 3.74 | 3.76 | |
BC2 | 1.91 | 2.01 | 2.08 | 1.97 | 1.95 | 1.93 | 1.90 | 1.88 | 1.86 | 1.84 | 1.83 | 1.82 | 1.78 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.80 | 1.80 | |
CO | 71.0 | 60.3 | 44.9 | 40.0 | 39.2 | 38.3 | 37.4 | 36.4 | 35.9 | 35.6 | 35.5 | 35.6 | 35.3 | 35.5 | 33.5 | 33.6 | 34.0 |
1 EF(TSP) also applied for PM,,10,, and PM,,2.5,, (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM,,2.5,,) 2 estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in 5), Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, page 49: “Conclusion”.
For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.
Discussion of emission trends
NFR 1.A.3.a i (i) - International Civil Aviation - LTO is no key category.
Recalculations
As mentioned in the superordinate chapter on 1.A.3.a, the LTO fuel consumptions applied in TREMOD AV have been adapted to the the EMERP/EEA Guidebook 2019. 6)
Hence, the percentual annual shares of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights have been re-estimated…
Table 3: Revised percentual share of kerosene consumed during L/TO for international flights, in %
= 1990 | = 1995 | = 2000 | = 2005 | = 2006 | = 2007 | = 2008 | = 2009 | = 2010 | = 2011 | = 2012 | = 2013 | = 2014 | = 2015 | = 2016 | = 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 8.31 | > 7.84 | > 8.21 | > 8.02 | > 7.98 | > 7.96 | > 7.92 | > 7.87 | > 7.91 | > 7.82 | > 7.95 | > 8.05 | > 8.15 | > 8.24 | > 8.26 | > 8.28 | |||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 7.52 | > 8.50 | > 7.72 | > 7.49 | > 7.41 | > 7.48 | > 7.58 | > 7.50 | > 7.94 | > 8.77 | > 8.01 | > 7.73 | > 8.16 | > 8.47 | > 8.14 | > 7.60 | |||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > 0.79 | > -0.66 | > 0.49 | > 0.53 | > 0.57 | > 0.48 | > 0.34 | > 0.37 | > -0.03 | > -0.95 | > -0.07 | > 0.32 | > -0.01 | > -0.23 | > 0.13 | > 0.68 | |||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > 10.5% | > -7.80% | > 6.37% | > 7.03% | > 7.65% | > 6.37% | > 4.45% | > 4.88% | > -0.39% | > -10.8% | > -0.84% | > 4.15% | > -0.10% | > -2.77% | > 1.54% | > 8.89% |
… and the amounts of kerosene allocated to sub-category 1.A.3.a i (i) were revised accordingly:
Table 4: Revised kerosene usage in 1.A.3.a i (i), in terajoules
= 1990 | = 1995 | = 2000 | = 2005 | = 2006 | = 2007 | = 2008 | = 2009 | = 2010 | = 2011 | = 2012 | = 2013 | = 2014 | = 2015 | = 2016 | = 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 13,676 | > 15,973 | > 21,785 | > 25,168 | > 26,381 | > 27,295 | > 27,439 | > 26,538 | > 26,256 | > 24,701 | > 27,164 | > 28,075 | > 27,274 | > 27,546 | > 29,875 | > 32,999 | |||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 12,419 | > 17,315 | > 20,352 | > 23,432 | > 24,422 | > 25,597 | > 26,193 | > 25,189 | > 26,243 | > 27,570 | > 27,317 | > 26,897 | > 27,305 | > 28,246 | > 29,301 | > 30,226 | |||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > 1,257 | > -1,342 | > 1,434 | > 1,736 | > 1,959 | > 1,699 | > 1,246 | > 1,349 | > 13 | > -2,870 | > -154 | > 1,178 | > -31 | > -700 | > 575 | > 2,773 | |||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > 10.1% | > -7.75% | > 7.05% | > 7.41% | > 8.02% | > 6.64% | > 4.76% | > 5.36% | > 0.05% | > -10.4% | > -0.56% | > 4.38% | > -0.11% | > -2.48% | > 1.96% | > 9.17% |
In parallel, the majority of country-specific emission factors has been revised within TREMOD AV based on information available from the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook 7) and Eurocontrol's AEM model 8). Here, among others, the EF for SO,,2,, from jet kerosene has been replaced by new and more reliable data showing no sulphur reduction since 1990.
Table 5: Revised country-specific emission factors
= 1990 | = 1995 | = 2000 | = 2005 | = 2006 | = 2007 | = 2008 | = 2009 | = 2010 | = 2011 | = 2012 | = 2013 | = 2014 | = 2015 | = 2016 | = 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
< Non-methane volatile organic compounds - NMVOC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 56.6 | > 37.1 | > 25.0 | > 22.6 | > 22.8 | > 22.5 | > 22.1 | > 21.3 | > 21.9 | > 21.8 | > 21.8 | > 21.7 | > 21.2 | > 21.9 | > 21.7 | > 22.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 71.8 | > 39.0 | > 32.3 | > 26.7 | > 26.5 | > 25.7 | > 25.2 | > 24.2 | > 23.2 | > 23.3 | > 22.5 | > 21.9 | > 21.5 | > 20.8 | > 20.5 | > 20.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > -15.2 | > -1.91 | > -7.35 | > -4.15 | > -3.65 | > -3.19 | > -3.10 | > -2.90 | > -1.31 | > -1.48 | > -0.77 | > -0.19 | > -0.23 | > 1.17 | > 1.12 | > 1.50 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > -21.2% | > -4.9% | > -22.7% | > -15.5% | > -13.8% | > -12.4% | > -12.3% | > -12.0% | > -5.63% | > -6.37% | > -3.42% | > -0.87% | > -1.08% | > 5.62% | > 5.45% | > 7.20% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
< Nitrogen oxides - NO,,x,, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 283 | > 299 | > 285 | > 307 | > 310 | > 314 | > 316 | > 324 | > 330 | > 333 | > 334 | > 337 | > 343 | > 340 | > 345 | > 347 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 302 | > 310 | > 307 | > 322 | > 324 | > 328 | > 330 | > 336 | > 344 | > 345 | > 349 | > 353 | > 355 | > 358 | > 362 | > 363 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > -19.0 | > -10.8 | > -21.4 | > -15.1 | > -13.8 | > -13.5 | > -13.5 | > -12.5 | > -13.9 | > -11.6 | > -14.3 | > -15.6 | > -11.9 | > -18.0 | > -16.7 | > -16.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > -6.28% | > -3.50% | > -6.99% | > -4.67% | > -4.27% | > -4.11% | > -4.09% | > -3.73% | > -4.04% | > -3.35% | > -4.11% | > -4.42% | > -3.35% | > -5.02% | > -4.62% | > -4.59% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
< Sulphur oxides - SO,,x,, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 19.7 | > 19.5 | > 19.5 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | > 19.6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 25.1 | > 15.2 | > 8.5 | > 6.3 | > 5.9 | > 5.5 | > 5.1 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | > 4.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > -5.45 | > 4.30 | > 11.08 | > 13.28 | > 13.71 | > 14.13 | > 14.55 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | > 14.98 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > -21.7% | > 28.2% | > 131% | > 209% | > 232% | > 257% | > 287% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | > 322% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
< Particulate Matter - PM (PM,,2.5,, = PM,,10,, = TSP) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 2.50 | > 2.48 | > 2.48 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.50 | > 2.49 | > 2.49 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | > 2.16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > 0.34 | > 0.33 | > 0.33 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | > 0.34 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > 15.9% | > 15.1% | > 15.1% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.6% | > 15.6% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
< Black Carbon - BC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 1.20 | > 1.19 | > 1.19 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | > 1.20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | > 1.04 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > 0.17 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | > 0.16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > 15.9% | > 15.1% | > 15.1% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.7% | > 15.6% | > 15.6% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
< Carbon monoxide - CO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2020 | > 225 | > 214 | > 209 | > 192 | > 192 | > 188 | > 186 | > 181 | > 186 | > 185 | > 188 | > 187 | > 182 | > 186 | > 182 | > 183 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ Submission 2019 | > 245 | > 222 | > 235 | > 224 | > 220 | > 215 | > 212 | > 208 | > 202 | > 201 | > 197 | > 194 | > 191 | > 188 | > 184 | > 184 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ absolute change | > -20.1 | > -8.0 | > -26.5 | > -31.5 | > -28.0 | > -27.3 | > -25.8 | > -26.4 | > -15.5 | > -15.2 | > -9.07 | > -6.71 | > -9.32 | > -1.36 | > -2.21 | > -0.68 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
~ relative change | > -8.20% | > -3.59% | > -11.2% | > -14.1% | > -12.7% | > -12.7% | > -12.2% | > -12.7% | > -7.70% | > -7.58% | > -4.60% | > -3.46% | > -4.87% | > -0.73% | > -1.20% | > -0.37% |
For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations].
Uncertainties
For uncertainties information, please see main chapter on civil aviation.
Planned improvements
For information on planned improvements, please see main chapter on civil aviation.
FAQs
bibliography : 1 : Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012. : 2 : Knörr et al. (2019c): Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S.: TREMOD Aviation (TREMOD AV) 2019 - Revision des Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV). Heidelberg, Berlin: Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH & Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin & Heidelberg, 2019. : 3 : Gores (2019): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2018, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2019. : 4 : EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019. : 5 : Eurocontrol (2019): Advanced emission model (AEM); https://www.eurocontrol.int/model/advanced-emission-model; 2019 bibliography