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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:emissions_from_fuel_combustion_in_road_vehicles:passenger_cars [2021/03/17 11:24] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:emissions_from_fuel_combustion_in_road_vehicles:passenger_cars [2021/12/15 20:00] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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In sub-category //1.A.3.b i - Road transport: Passenger cars// emissions from fuel combustion in passenger cars (PCs) are reported. | In sub-category //1.A.3.b i - Road transport: Passenger cars// emissions from fuel combustion in passenger cars (PCs) are reported. | ||
- | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
- | | 1.A.3.b i | T1, T3 ||||| NS, M ||||| CS, M, D ||||| | + | | 1.A.3.b i | T1, T3 ||||| NS, M |
- | ^ Key Category | + | ^ Key Category |
- | | 1.A.3.b i | + | | 1.A.3.b i | -/- |
===== Methodology ===== | ===== Methodology ===== | ||
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==== Activity data ==== | ==== Activity data ==== | ||
- | Specific consumption data for passenger cars is generated within TREMOD [((bibcite 1))]. | + | Specific consumption data for passenger cars is generated within TREMOD [(KNOERR2020a)]. |
The following table gives an overview of annual amounts of the fuels consumed by passenger cars in Germany. | The following table gives an overview of annual amounts of the fuels consumed by passenger cars in Germany. | ||
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^ Biogas | ^ Biogas | ||
| **Ʃ 1.A.3.b i** ^ 1,531,811 ^ 1,568,749 ^ 1,533,241 ^ 1,448,694 ^ 1,352,511 ^ 1,377,360 ^ 1,335,609 ^ 1,366,568 ^ 1,405,647 ^ 1,384,915 ^ 1,411,625 ^ 1,440,795 ^ 1,385,484 ^ 1,390,837 ^ | | **Ʃ 1.A.3.b i** ^ 1,531,811 ^ 1,568,749 ^ 1,533,241 ^ 1,448,694 ^ 1,352,511 ^ 1,377,360 ^ 1,335,609 ^ 1,366,568 ^ 1,405,647 ^ 1,384,915 ^ 1,411,625 ^ 1,440,795 ^ 1,385,484 ^ 1,390,837 ^ | ||
- | |||
Here, the following charts underline the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel-powered passenger cars, that started around 1999/2000. | Here, the following charts underline the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel-powered passenger cars, that started around 1999/2000. | ||
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</ | </ | ||
- | === Emission factors === | + | ==== Emission factors |
- | The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the ' | + | The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the ' |
However, it is not possible to present these highly specific tier3 values in a comprehendible way here. | However, it is not possible to present these highly specific tier3 values in a comprehendible way here. | ||
- | |||
- | [!-- | ||
- | __Table 2: selected annual fuel-specific IEF for passenger cars, in kg/TJ__ | ||
- | |||
- | | | **1990** | ||
- | | **Gasoline fuels**< | ||
- | ^ NH< | ||
- | ^ NMVOC< | ||
- | ^ NO< | ||
- | ^ SO< | ||
- | ^ CO | ||
- | ^ BC< | ||
- | ^ PM< | ||
- | ^ TSP< | ||
- | | **Diesel fuels**< | ||
- | ^ NH< | ||
- | ^ NMVOC | 45.5 | 36.8 | 29.1 | 18.6 | 16.5 | 15.0 | 13.5 | 12.5 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 9.93 | 9.64 | 9.62 | 9.85 | 10.1 | | ||
- | ^ NO< | ||
- | ^ SO< | ||
- | ^ CO | ||
- | ^ BC< | ||
- | ^ PM< | ||
- | | **Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG** |||||||||||||||| | ||
- | ^ NH< | ||
- | ^ NMVOC | 329 | 283 | 49.6 | 9.73 | 8.63 | 8.22 | 7.50 | 7.24 | 7.17 | 7.10 | 6.97 | 6.88 | 6.82 | 6.78 | 6.77 | 6.75 | | ||
- | ^ NO< | ||
- | ^ SO< | ||
- | ^ CO | ||
- | ^ BC< | ||
- | ^ PM< | ||
- | | **Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) & Biogas**< | ||
- | ^ NH< | ||
- | ^ NMVOC | | | | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 | | ||
- | ^ NO< | ||
- | ^ SO< | ||
- | ^ CO | ||
- | ^ BC< | ||
- | ^ PM< | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | < | ||
- | --] | ||
<WRAP center round info 100%> | <WRAP center round info 100%> | ||
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</ | </ | ||
- | + | For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, | |
- | For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, | + | Regarding PCDD/F, a tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) [(RENTZ2008)] is used. |
- | Regarding PCDD/F, a tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) [((bibcite 4))] is used. | + | |
__Table 3: tier1 emission factors__ | __Table 3: tier1 emission factors__ | ||
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^ all fuels ||||||||||||||| | ^ all fuels ||||||||||||||| | ||
< | < | ||
- | < | + | < |
- | < | + | < |
- | < | + | < |
===== Discussion of emission trends ===== | ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== | ||
- | > **NFR 1.A.3.b i** is key category | + | __Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ |
+ | | | ||
+ | | by: | Level & Trend | ||
- | ====Non-methane volatile organic compounds | + | ====Non-methane volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide==== |
Since 1990, exhaust emissions of **nitrogen oxides**, **NMVOC**, | Since 1990, exhaust emissions of **nitrogen oxides**, **NMVOC**, | ||
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{{ : | {{ : | ||
- | ==== Ammonia | + | ==== Ammonia and sulphur dioxide==== |
- | As for the entire road transport sector, the trends for **sulphur dioxide** | + | As for the entire road transport sector, the trends for **sulphur dioxide** and **ammonia** exhaust emissions from passenger cars show charcteristics very different from those shown above. |
+ | |||
+ | Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities (sulphur content) leads to an cascaded downward trend of emissions , influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage. | ||
- | {{ : | ||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
- | ====Particulate | + | For **ammonia** emissions the increasing use of catalytic converters in gasoline driven cars in the 1990s lead to a steep increase whereas both the technical development of the converters and the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel cars resulted in decreasing emissions in the following years. |
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ====Particulate | ||
//(from fuel combustion only; no wear/ | //(from fuel combustion only; no wear/ | ||
Starting in the middle of the 1990s, a so-called " | Starting in the middle of the 1990s, a so-called " | ||
- | With this submission, Black Carbon (BC) emissions are reported for the first time. Here, EF are estimated based on as fractions of PM as provided in [((bibcite 3))]. | + | With this submission, Black Carbon (BC) emissions are reported for the first time. Here, EF are estimated based on as fractions of PM as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)]. |
Due to this fuel-specific fractions, the trend of BC emissions reflects the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel (" | Due to this fuel-specific fractions, the trend of BC emissions reflects the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel (" | ||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
- | |||
__Table: EURO norms and their effect on limit values of PM emissions from diesel passenger cars__ | __Table: EURO norms and their effect on limit values of PM emissions from diesel passenger cars__ | ||
- | ||~ exhaust emission standard (EURO norm) ||= **Euro 1** ||= **Euro 2** ||= **Euro 3** ||= **Euro 4** ||= **Euro 5** ||= **Euro 6** || | + | ^ exhaust emission standard (EURO norm) | **Euro 1** | **Euro 2** |
- | || in force **for type approval** since: ||= 1 Jul 1992 ||= 1 Jan 1996 ||= 1 Jan 2000 ||= 1 Jan 2005 ||= 1 Sep 2009 ||= 1 Sep 2014 || | + | | in force **for type approval** since: |
- | || in force **for initial registration** since ||= 1 Jan 1993 ||= 1 Jan 1997 ||= 1 Jan 2001 ||= 1 Jan 2006 ||= 1 Jan 2011 ||= 1 Jan 2015 || | + | | in force **for initial registration** since | 1 Jan 1993 | 1 Jan 1997 |
- | ||~ resulting PM limit value in [mg/km]||= | + | ^ resulting PM limit value in [mg/ |
- | ^^1^^ for direct injection engines | + | <sup>1</ |
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
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__Table 4: Revised fuel consumption data, in terajoules__ | __Table 4: Revised fuel consumption data, in terajoules__ | ||
- | | | + | | |
- | | **DIESEL OIL** | + | | **DIESEL OIL** |||||||||||||||||| |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **BIODIESEL** | + | | **BIODIESEL** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **GASOLINE** | + | | **GASOLINE** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **BIOGASOLINE** | + | | **BIOGASOLINE** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **CNG** | + | | **CNG** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **BIOGAS** | + | | **BIOGAS** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **LPG** | + | | **LPG** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
- | | **TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION** | + | | **TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION** |
- | ^ Submission 2021 | + | ^ Submission 2021 |
- | ^ Submission 2020 | + | ^ Submission 2020 |
- | ^ absolute change | + | ^ absolute change |
- | ^ relative change | + | ^ relative change |
Due to the variety of tier3 **emission factors** applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way. | Due to the variety of tier3 **emission factors** applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way. | ||
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Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned. | Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned. | ||
- | + | [(KNOERR2020a> | |
- | ===== FAQs ===== | + | [(KELLER2017> |
- | + | [(EMEPEEA2019> | |
- | ------ | + | [(RENTZ2008> |
- | + | ||
- | [[bibliography]] | + | |
- | : 1 : Knörr et al. (2019a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: | + | |
- | : 2 : Keller et al., (2019): Keller, M., Hausberger, S., Matzer, C., Wüthrich, P., & Notter, B.: Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 4.1 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 4.1) URL: http:// | + | |
- | : 3 : EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019; https:// | + | |
- | : 4 : Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, | + | |
- | [[/ | + |