1.A.3.d - Navigation

Short description

Category 1.A.3.d - Navigation includes emissions from national and international inland and maritime navigation.

NFR-Code Name of Category Method AD EF Key Category Analysis
1.A.3.d Navigation see sub-category details
consisting of / including source categories
1.A.3.d i (ii) International Inland Waterways Germany does not report emissions from this sub-category.
1.A.3.d ii National Navigation (Shipping) see sub-category details
1.A.3.d i (i) International Maritime Navigation see sub-category details

Methodology

Activity Data

Primary fuel deliveries data for the entire navigation sector (maritime and inland waterways) is included in lines 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') and 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') of the National Energy Balance (NEB) (AGEB, 2022) 1). (For comparison, official mineral-oil data of the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA, 2022) 2) are applied, too.)

Data on the consumption of biodiesel is provided in NEB line 64 from 2004 onward. However, as this data appears to be rather inconsistent, the consumption of biofuels is calculated within TREMOD via the official annual blending rates.

Table 1: Primary fuel deliveries as listed in the National Energy Balance, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
NEB line 6 - Maritime Bunkers ('Hochseebunkerungen')
Diesel / Light heating oil 23,336 20,426 21,542 18,636 22,483 21,046 18,617 18,333 20,898 43,376 42,606 36,872 31,406 30,214 22,789 30,312
Heavy fuel oil 80,230 64,382 69,578 85,370 93,063 92,649 87,595 77,754 73,729 57,900 74,844 58,788 39,570 26,959 32,621 28,423
NEB line 64 - Coastal and Inland Navigation ('Küsten- und Binnenschifffahrt')
Diesel oil 27,710 23,562 11,864 12,831 11,182 12,050 11,322 11,635 12,112 13,321 11,131 10,150 10,619 11,259 10,076 10,481
TOTAL 131,276 108,370 102,984 116,837 126,728 125,745 117,534 107,722 106,739 114,597 128,581 105,81 81,595 68,432 65,487 69,216

source: National Energy Balances 3)

As the statistical allocation of fuels delivered to the navigation (shipping) sector follows tax aspects, NEB line 6 ('International Maritime Bunkers') includes all fuel deliveries to IMO-registered ship involved in both national and international maritime activities. On the other hand, NEB line 64 ('Coastal and Inland Navigation') includes all fuel deliveries to ship involved in inland and non-IMO maritime navigation.

Table 2: Allocation of for subsector-specfic fuel deliveries data in the NEB

NEB line including fuel deliveries to navigation sub-sectors…
6 - 'International Maritime Bunkers' …international maritime navigation / national maritime navigation (IMO) / national fishing (IMO) / military navigation (IMO)
64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation' …national inland navigation / national maritime navigation (non-IMO) / national fishing (non-IMO) / military navigation (non-IMO)

Therefore, the amounts of fuels listed in NEB lines 6 and 64 are broken down on several sub-sectors.

Regarding all national maritime activities, taking place in National Maritime Navigation, national fishing, and military navigation, a country-specific approach allows for estimating tier3 fuel consumption data based on ship movement information (AIS signal) for IMO- and non-IMO ships.

In contrast to this bottom-up approach, fuel consumption in both international maritime navigation and national inland navigation are calculated as tier1 estimates. The following equations and charts try to illustrate the way of deducing these tier1 activity data:

Estimating the tier1 activity data for International maritime navigation:

AD1.A.3.d i = PADNEB line 6 - AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - IMO - AD1.A.4.c iii - IMO - AD1.A.5.b iii - IMO

with
* AD1.A.3.d i - tier1 activity data for International maritime navigation
* PADNEB line 6 - primary over-all fuel deliveries data from NEB line 6 - 'International Maritime Bunkers'
* AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in national maritime navigation
* AD1.A.4.c iii - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in national fishing
* AD1.A.5.b iii - IMO - tier3 activity data for IMO-registered ships involved in military navigation

Estimating the tier1 activity data for National inland navigation:

AD1.A.3.d ii (b) = PADNEB line 64 - AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - non-IMO - AD1.A.4.c iii - non-IMO - AD1.A.5.b iii - non-IMO

with
* AD1.A.3.d ii (b) - tier1 activity data for National inland navigation
* PADNEB line 64 - primary over-all fuel deliveries data from NEB line 64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation'
* AD1.A.3.d ii (a) - non-IMO - tier3 activity data for non-IMO ships involved in national maritime navigation
* AD1.A.4.c iii -non-IMO - tier3 activity data for for non-IMO ships involved in national fishing
* AD1.A.5.b iii - non-IMO - tier3 activity data for for non-IMO ships involved in military navigation

Table 3: Resulting breakdown of primary fuel deliveries onto the different navigation sub-sectors, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
TOTAL 131,276 108,370 102,984 116,837 126,728 125,745 117,534 107,722 106,739 114,597 128,581 105,81 81,595 68,432 65,487 69,216
1.A.3.d i - International maritime navigation
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 13,162 13,096 13,709 11,820 16,417 15,020 12,181 11,875 13,801 33,958 32,832 27,463 21,473 20,231 13,896 21,454
Heavy fuel oil 76,942 62,066 67,080 83,224 91,169 90,779 85,586 75,559 71,598 57,792 74,807 58,707 39,308 26,565 32,253 28,031
1.A.3.d ii (a) - National maritime navigation
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 9,484 6,828 7,367 6,399 5,690 5,669 6,089 6,133 6,766 8,980 9,335 8,960 9,445 9,497 8,339 8,475
Heavy fuel oil 3,103 2,186 2,382 2,054 1,810 1,790 1,932 2,134 2,057 108,0 37,0 81,1 262 394 368 392
17.3 22.0 64.4 58.8 197 153 276 293
1.A.3.d ii (b) - National inland navigation
Diesel oil 27,716 23,562 11,864 12,851 11,182 12,050 11,322 11,635 12,112 13,321 11,131 10,150 10,619 11,259 10,076 10,481
1.A.4.c iii - Fishing
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 305 240 238 226 227 213 209 214 227 284 298 293 356 322 359 265
Heavy fuel oil 33.3 26.0 26.0 24.4 24.5 23.0 22.6 16.8 13.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.A.5.b iii - Military navigation
Diesel oil / Light heating oil 380 263 228 171 150 144 138 111 104 154 141 156 133 164 195 118
Heavy fuel oil 152 104 90.4 67.4 59.0 56.5 54.0 43.9 60.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Emission factors

Annual country-specific emission factors have been developed within the underlying models maintained at the ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Knörr et al. (2022a): TREMOD) 4) and the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Deichnik (2022): BSH model) 5).

For information on these country-specific emission factors, please refer to the sub-chapters linked above.

Impact of fuel-sulphur regulation on sulphur dioxide

Table 4: Development of fuel-sulfur limits for maritime fuels in SECAs, in [% m/m]

mid-2006 to mid-2010 1.50
mid-2010 to 2015 1.00 LSFO2
as of 2015 0.10 ULSFO3

1: SECA = Sulphur Emission Control Area 6), 7) 2: Low sulphur Fuel Oil 3: Ultra low sulphur Fuel Oil

These fuel-sulfur limits listed are used for the derivation of emission factors especially for heavy fuel oil used in the German inventory. Here, until 2006, a global average of 2.70 % m/m is applied.

Table 5: Development of global fuel-sulfur limits for maritime fuels, in [% m/m]

until 2012 4.50
2012 to 2020 3.50
as of 2020 0.50

Heavy metals and POPs

For heavy metal and POP emissions, tier1 EF have been derived from the EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2019 mainly 8).

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Table 4 shows the tier1 emission factors for exhaust emissions of heavy-metals and POPs as applied to all navigation sub-categories in 1.A.3.d as well as NFRs 1.A.4.c iii and 1.A.5.b iii. The listed values have been derived from default values provided in the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook (EMEP/EEA, 2019) 9) and (Rentz et al., 2008) 10).

Here, as the guidebook does not provide source-specific values for PAHs, respective values provided for diesel in railways and heavy duty road vehicles have been applied as a gap-filling proxy.

Table 6: Tier1 emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions

Pb Cd Hg As Cr Cu Ni Se Zn B[a]P B[b]F B[k]F I[…]p PAH 1-4 PCBs HCB PCDD/F
[g/TJ] [mg/TJ]
Diesel oil 3.03 2 0.233 2 0.698 2 0.93 2 1.16 2 20.5 2 23.3 2 2.33 2 27.9 2 698 5 1,164 5 801 6 1846 2,847 4 0.885 2 1.86 2 93.0 7
Heavy fuel oil 4.46 3 0.496 3 0.496 3 16.9 3 17.8 3 31.0 3 793 3 5.20 3 29.7 3 741 5 1,235 5 849 6 195 6 3,020 4 14.1 3 3.46 3 98.7 7

2 tier1 defaults from 11), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Table 3-2
3 tier1 defaults from 12), Chapter: 1.A.3.d.i, 1.A.3.d.ii, 1.A.4.c.iii Navigation: Table 3-1
4 sum of tier1 default values applied for B[a]P, B[b]F, B[k]F, and I[1,2,3-c,d]P
5 tier1 defaults from 13), Chapter: 1.A.3.c Railways: Diesel, Table 3-1
6 tier1 defaults from 14), Chapter: 1.A.3.b.i, 1.A.3.b.ii, 1.A.3.b.iii, 1.A.3.b.iv - Road transport, Table 3-8: HDV, Diesel
7 tier1 value derived from 15)


1), 3) AGEB, 2022: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2019.html, (Aufruf: 23.11.2021), Köln & Berlin, 2022
2) BAFA, 2022: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2018_dezember.html, Eschborn, 2022.
4) Knörr et al. (2021a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2022.
5) Deichnik (2021): Aktualisierung und Revision des Modells zur Berechnung der spezifischen Verbräuche und Emissionen des von Deutschland ausgehenden Seeverkehrs. from Bundesamts für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH - Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency); Hamburg, 2022.
8), 9), 11), 12), 13), 14) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2019, Copenhagen, 2019.
10), 15) Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer