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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2025/03/28 08:49] – [Methodology] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2025/05/13 13:50] (current) – kotzulla
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 ====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== ====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ======
 +
 +<WRAP center round download right 20%>
 +{{sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:iir-data_1.a.3.c_1990-2023_public.xlsx | NFR-specific inventory data }} 
 +</WRAP>
  
 ===== Short description ===== ===== Short description =====
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 In addition, rather small quantities of //solid fuels// are used for historical steam engines vehicles operated mostly for tourism and exhibition purposes. Official fuel delivery data are available for lignite, through 2002, and for hard coal, through 2000 only. Therefore, in order to complete these time series, operator surveys were carried out in 2012 [(HEDEL2012)], 2016 [(ILLICHMANN2016)] and 2021 [(HASENBALG2021)]. During these surveys, questionnaires were provided to any known operator of historical steam engines in Germany. Here, due to limited data archiving, nearly complete data could only be gained for years as of 2005 and for the main operators only. For earlier years and a variety of smaller operators, conservative gap filling was applied.  In addition, rather small quantities of //solid fuels// are used for historical steam engines vehicles operated mostly for tourism and exhibition purposes. Official fuel delivery data are available for lignite, through 2002, and for hard coal, through 2000 only. Therefore, in order to complete these time series, operator surveys were carried out in 2012 [(HEDEL2012)], 2016 [(ILLICHMANN2016)] and 2021 [(HASENBALG2021)]. During these surveys, questionnaires were provided to any known operator of historical steam engines in Germany. Here, due to limited data archiving, nearly complete data could only be gained for years as of 2005 and for the main operators only. For earlier years and a variety of smaller operators, conservative gap filling was applied. 
 +\\
  
 __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__
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 | transport performance data                                                  | in Mio ptkm (performance-ton-kilometers) derived from the TREMOD model                                                                                        | | transport performance data                                                  | in Mio ptkm (performance-ton-kilometers) derived from the TREMOD model                                                                                        |
  
 +\\
 __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__
 |                         ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^  2023   ^ |                         ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^  2023   ^
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 {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?800 |Annual energy input from solid fuels}} {{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?800 |Annual energy input from solid fuels}}
  
-    +\\    
 __Table 3: Annual transport performance by mode of traction, in Mio tkm (ton-kilometers)__ __Table 3: Annual transport performance by mode of traction, in Mio tkm (ton-kilometers)__
 |               ^  1990    ^  1995    ^  2000    ^  2005    ^  2010    ^  2015    ^  2016    ^  2017    ^  2018    ^  2019    ^  2020    ^  2021    ^  2022    ^  2023    ^ |               ^  1990    ^  1995    ^  2000    ^  2005    ^  2010    ^  2015    ^  2016    ^  2017    ^  2018    ^  2019    ^  2020    ^  2021    ^  2022    ^  2023    ^
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 The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality:  The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality: 
  
-For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2023a)]. +For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2024a)]. 
 On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F. On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F.
-As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet.+As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, such emissions are only calculated for firewood (HCB) and fossil solid fuels (PCBs), respectively.
  
 Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion. Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion.
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 Furthermore, regarding **emissions from abrasion and wear**, emission factors are calculated from PM<sub>10</sub> emission estimates directly provided by the German railroad company Deutsche Bahn AG. Furthermore, regarding **emissions from abrasion and wear**, emission factors are calculated from PM<sub>10</sub> emission estimates directly provided by the German railroad company Deutsche Bahn AG.
  
-As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM,<sub>10</sub>) were calculated from the emission estimates extrapolated backwards from 2013 to 1990 and the transport performance data available from TREMOD.+As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM<sub>10</sub>) were calculated from the emission estimates extrapolated backwards from 2013 to 1990 and the transport performance data available from TREMOD.
  
 Regarding PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and TSP, due to leck of better information, a fractional distribution of 0.5 : 1 : 1 (PM<sub>2.5</sub> : PM<sub>10</sub> : TSP) is assumed for now. Regarding PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and TSP, due to leck of better information, a fractional distribution of 0.5 : 1 : 1 (PM<sub>2.5</sub> : PM<sub>10</sub> : TSP) is assumed for now.
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 {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?800 |Annual particulate matter emissions from railways }} {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?800 |Annual particulate matter emissions from railways }}
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?800 |Annual PM10 emissions from railways }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?801 |Annual PM10 emissions from railways }}
 \\ \\
 Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities. Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities.
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 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
-**Activity data** have been recalculated widely due to the revision of the National Energy Balances (NEB) 2003 to 2021. In addition, for 1990, the (erroneous) value applied so far has been replaced with the original NEB value.+**Activity data** have been recalculated only due to the finalization of the National Energy Balances 2022. 
  
-__Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data, in terajoule__ +__Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data 2022, in terajoule__ 
-|                      ^  1990   ^  1995   ^  2000   ^  2005   ^  2010   ^  2015   ^  2016   ^  2017   ^  2018   ^  2019   ^  2020   ^  2021   ^  2022   ^ +|                      ^  DIESEL OIL  ^ BIODIESEL  ^ RAW LIGNITE  ^ LIGN. BRIQU.  ^ COKE OVEN COKE  ^ BITUMIN. COAL  | **TOTAL**  | 
-^ current submission   |  41,381 |  32,681 |  26,065 |  19,594 |  15,934 |  14,411 |  14,883 |  12,331 |  10,324 |  11,720 |  11,972 |  12,175 |  11,536 | +^ current submission   |  10,482      |  727       |  0           |  1.15         |  0.35           |  325           ^  11,536    ^ 
-^ previous submission  |  41,381 |  32,681 |  26,065 |  19,594 |  15,934 |  14,411 |  14,883 |  12,331 |  10,324 |  11,720 |  11,972 |  12,175 |  11,518 | +^ previous submission  |  10,464      |  727       |  0           |  1.15         |  0.35           |  325           ^  11,518    ^ 
-^ absolute change      |    0.00 |    0.07 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    0.00 |    18.2 | +^ absolute change      |  18.2        |  0.01      |  0.00        |  0.00         |  0.00           |  0.00          ^  18.2      ^ 
-^ relative change      |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.00% |   0.16% |+^ relative change      |  0.17%       |  0.002%    |  0.00%       |  0.00%        |  0.00%          |  0.00%         ^  0.16%     ^
 \\ \\
  
-Furthermore, due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2023a)], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. +Furthermore, due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2024a)], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. 
  
-In addition, abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions as derived from a model hosted at the DB AG have been revised widely due to most recent results from a measurement campaign and for all years:+In addition, abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions as derived from a model hosted at the DB AG have been revised. Here, especially the emission factors for PM<sub>10</sub> emissions from the abrasion of tyre on rail and gray cast iron brakes were reduced significantly due to most recent results from a measurement campaign [(DZSF2025)] and for all years:
  
 __Table 6: Revised abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions, from DB AG, in [kt]__ __Table 6: Revised abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions, from DB AG, in [kt]__
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 ^ relative change      |  -47.1% |  -51.8% |  -55.8% |  -56.9% |  -57.3% |  -55.5% |  -55.6% |  -56.9% |  -56.2% |  -59.8% |  -64.4% |  -63.9% | ^ relative change      |  -47.1% |  -51.8% |  -55.8% |  -56.9% |  -57.3% |  -55.5% |  -55.6% |  -56.9% |  -56.2% |  -59.8% |  -64.4% |  -63.9% |
  
-All abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal emissions estimated based on these original PM<sub>10</sub> emissions were revised accordingly. +All abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Ni) emissions estimated based on these original PM<sub>10</sub> emissions were revised accordingly. 
  
 <WRAP center round info 65%> <WRAP center round info 65%>
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].+For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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-[(AGEB2024>AGEB, 2024: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; +[(AGEB2024> AGEB (2024): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; 
 https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/EBD22e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2024), Köln & Berlin, 2024)] https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/EBD22e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2024), Köln & Berlin, 2024)]
-[(BAFA2024>BAFA, 2024: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;+[(BAFA2024> BAFA (2024): Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
 https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.)] https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.)]
-[(EMEPEEA2023>EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu//publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023, Copenhagen, 2023.)] + 
-[(MWV2021> MWV (2021): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2019'; URL: https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MWV_Mineraloelwirtschaftsverband-e.V.-Jahresbericht-2020-Webversion.pdf, Berlin, 2021.)] +[(MWV2021> MWV (2021): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2019'; https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MWV_Mineraloelwirtschaftsverband-e.V.-Jahresbericht-2020-Webversion.pdf, Berlin, 2021.)] 
-[(HEDEL2012> Hedel, R., & Kunze, J. (2012): Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, 2012.)] +[(HEDEL2012> Hedel & Kunze (2012): Hedel, R., Kunze, J.: Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2012.)] 
-[(ILLICHMANN2016>  Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016.)] +[(ILLICHMANN2016> Illichmann, S. (2016): Illichmann, S.: Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, unpublished, 2016.)] 
-[(HASENBALG2021>  Hasenbalg (2021): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2019 & 2020, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2021.)] +[(HASENBALG2021> Hasenbalg (2021): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2019 & 2020, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung, FKZ 363 01 392; un published; Dresden, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2021.)] 
-[(KNOERR2024a> Knörr et al. (2024a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells:  +[(KNOERR2024a> Knörr et al. (2024a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: 
-Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: +
 Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2024.)] Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2024.)]
 +[(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2009.)]
 +
 +[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu//publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023, Copenhagen, 2023.)]
 [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)] [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)]
-[(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )] +[(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Otto Rentz, O., Karl, U., Haase, M., Koch, M., Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung, 
-[(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]+Universität Karlsruhe (TH): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte 01/2008, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer; on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2008)] 
 + 
 +[(DZSF2025> DZSF (2025): Deutsches Zentrum für Schienenverkehrsforschung / German Centre for Rail Traffic Research) research project on "Size-specific and spatial distribution of traffic-related abrasion and particulate emissions" (Größenspezifische und räumliche Verteilung von verkehrsbedingten Abrieben und partikulären Emissionen); https://www.dzsf.bund.de/SharedDocs/Standardartikel/DZSF/Projekte/Projekt_44_Abriebe_Emissionen.html, 2025 )]