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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2025/03/31 07:03] – [Table] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2025/05/13 13:50] (current) – kotzulla
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 ====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== ====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ======
 +
 +<WRAP center round download right 20%>
 +{{sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:iir-data_1.a.3.c_1990-2023_public.xlsx | NFR-specific inventory data }} 
 +</WRAP>
  
 ===== Short description ===== ===== Short description =====
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 The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality:  The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** are of very different quality: 
  
-For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2023a)]. +For the main pollutants, CO and PM, annual tier2 IEF computed within the TREMOD model are used, representing the development of German railway fleet, fuel quality and mitigation technologies [(KNOERR2024a)]. 
 On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F. On the other hand, constant default values from (EMEP/EEA, 2019) [(EMEPEEA2019)] are used for all reported PAHs and heavy metals and from Rentz et al. (2008) [(RENTZ2008)] regarding PCDD/F.
-As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, no such emissions have been calculated yet.+As no emission factors are available for HCB and PCBs, such emissions are only calculated for firewood (HCB) and fossil solid fuels (PCBs), respectively.
  
 Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion. Regarding **emissions from solid fuels** used in historic steam engines, all emission factors displayed below have been adopted from small-scale stationary combustion.
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 Furthermore, regarding **emissions from abrasion and wear**, emission factors are calculated from PM<sub>10</sub> emission estimates directly provided by the German railroad company Deutsche Bahn AG. Furthermore, regarding **emissions from abrasion and wear**, emission factors are calculated from PM<sub>10</sub> emission estimates directly provided by the German railroad company Deutsche Bahn AG.
  
-As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM,<sub>10</sub>) were calculated from the emission estimates extrapolated backwards from 2013 to 1990 and the transport performance data available from TREMOD.+As these original emissions are only available as of 2013, implied EF(PM<sub>10</sub>) were calculated from the emission estimates extrapolated backwards from 2013 to 1990 and the transport performance data available from TREMOD.
  
 Regarding PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and TSP, due to leck of better information, a fractional distribution of 0.5 : 1 : 1 (PM<sub>2.5</sub> : PM<sub>10</sub> : TSP) is assumed for now. Regarding PM<sub>2.5</sub>, and TSP, due to leck of better information, a fractional distribution of 0.5 : 1 : 1 (PM<sub>2.5</sub> : PM<sub>10</sub> : TSP) is assumed for now.
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 {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?800 |Annual particulate matter emissions from railways }} {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?800 |Annual particulate matter emissions from railways }}
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?800 |Annual PM10 emissions from railways }}+{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?801 |Annual PM10 emissions from railways }}
 \\ \\
 Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities. Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities.
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 **Activity data** have been recalculated only due to the finalization of the National Energy Balances 2022.  **Activity data** have been recalculated only due to the finalization of the National Energy Balances 2022. 
  
-__Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data, in terajoule__ +__Table 5: Revised fuel consumption data 2022, in terajoule__ 
-|                      ^  DIESEL OIL  ^ BIODIESEL  ^ RAW LIGNITE  ^ LIGN. BRIQU.  ^ COKE OVEN COKE  ^ BITUMIN. COAL  |   | **TOTAL**  | +|                      ^  DIESEL OIL  ^ BIODIESEL  ^ RAW LIGNITE  ^ LIGN. BRIQU.  ^ COKE OVEN COKE  ^ BITUMIN. COAL  | **TOTAL**  | 
-^ current submission   |       10.482 |  727       |  0           |  1.15         |  0.35           |  325           |   ^ 11,536     ^ +^ current submission   |  10,482      |  727       |  0           |  1.15         |  0.35           |  325           ^  11,536    ^ 
-^ previous submission  |       10.464 |  727       |  0           |  1.15         |  0.35           |  325           |   ^ 11,518     ^ +^ previous submission  |  10,464      |  727       |  0           |  1.15         |  0.35           |  325           ^  11,518    ^ 
-^ absolute change      |         18.2 |  0.01      |  0.00        |  0.00         |  0.00           |  0.00          |   ^ 18.2       ^ +^ absolute change      |  18.2        |  0.01      |  0.00        |  0.00         |  0.00           |  0.00          ^  18.2      ^ 
-^ relative change      |        0.17% |  0.002%    |  0.00%       |  0.00%        |  0.00%          |  0.00%         |   ^ 0.16%      ^+^ relative change      |  0.17%       |  0.002%    |  0.00%       |  0.00%        |  0.00%          |  0.00%         ^  0.16%     ^
 \\ \\
  
-Furthermore, due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2023a)], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. +Furthermore, due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [(KNOERR2024a)], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. 
  
-In addition, abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions as derived from a model hosted at the DB AG have been revised widely due to most recent results from a measurement campaign and for all years:+In addition, abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions as derived from a model hosted at the DB AG have been revised. Here, especially the emission factors for PM<sub>10</sub> emissions from the abrasion of tyre on rail and gray cast iron brakes were reduced significantly due to most recent results from a measurement campaign [(DZSF2025)] and for all years:
  
 __Table 6: Revised abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions, from DB AG, in [kt]__ __Table 6: Revised abrasive PM<sub>10</sub> emissions, from DB AG, in [kt]__
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 ^ relative change      |  -47.1% |  -51.8% |  -55.8% |  -56.9% |  -57.3% |  -55.5% |  -55.6% |  -56.9% |  -56.2% |  -59.8% |  -64.4% |  -63.9% | ^ relative change      |  -47.1% |  -51.8% |  -55.8% |  -56.9% |  -57.3% |  -55.5% |  -55.6% |  -56.9% |  -56.2% |  -59.8% |  -64.4% |  -63.9% |
  
-All abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal emissions estimated based on these original PM<sub>10</sub> emissions were revised accordingly. +All abrasive particulate matter and heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Ni) emissions estimated based on these original PM<sub>10</sub> emissions were revised accordingly. 
  
 <WRAP center round info 65%> <WRAP center round info 65%>
-For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].+For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2022**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 9.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
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-[(AGEB2024>AGEB, 2024: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; +[(AGEB2024> AGEB (2024): Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; 
 https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/EBD22e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2024), Köln & Berlin, 2024)] https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/EBD22e.xlsx, (Aufruf: 04.12.2024), Köln & Berlin, 2024)]
-[(BAFA2024>BAFA, 2024: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;+[(BAFA2024> BAFA (2024): Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland;
 https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.)] https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2023_12.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, Eschborn, 2024.)]
-[(EMEPEEA2023>EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook – 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu//publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023, Copenhagen, 2023.)] + 
-[(MWV2021> MWV (2021): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2019'; URL: https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MWV_Mineraloelwirtschaftsverband-e.V.-Jahresbericht-2020-Webversion.pdf, Berlin, 2021.)] +[(MWV2021> MWV (2021): Association of the German Petroleum Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband, MWV): Annual Report 2018, page 65, Table 'Sektoraler Verbrauch von Dieselkraftstoff 2012-2019'; https://www.mwv.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MWV_Mineraloelwirtschaftsverband-e.V.-Jahresbericht-2020-Webversion.pdf, Berlin, 2021.)] 
-[(HEDEL2012> Hedel, R., & Kunze, J. (2012): Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, 2012.)] +[(HEDEL2012> Hedel & Kunze (2012): Hedel, R., Kunze, J.: Recherche des jährlichen Kohleeinsatzes in historischen Schienenfahrzeugen seit 1990. Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Dresden, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2012.)] 
-[(ILLICHMANN2016>  Illichmann, S. (2016): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2016.)] +[(ILLICHMANN2016> Illichmann, S. (2016): Illichmann, S.: Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2015, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, unpublished, 2016.)] 
-[(HASENBALG2021>  Hasenbalg (2021): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2019 & 2020, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung. Study carried out for UBA; FKZ 363 01 392; not yet published; Dresden, 2021.)] +[(HASENBALG2021> Hasenbalg (2021): Recherche des Festbrennstoffeinsatzes historischer Schienenfahrzeuge in Deutschland 2019 & 2020, Probst & Consorten Marketing-Beratung, FKZ 363 01 392; un published; Dresden, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2021.)] 
-[(KNOERR2024a> Knörr et al. (2024a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells:  +[(KNOERR2024a> Knörr et al. (2024a): Knörr, W., Heidt, C., Gores, S., & Bergk, F.: Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: 
-Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2035, sowie TREMOD, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg [u.a.]: +
 Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2024.)] Ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH, Heidelberg & Berlin, 2024.)]
 +[(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2009.)]
 +
 +[(EMEPEEA2023> EMEP/EEA (2023): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023, https://www.eea.europa.eu//publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023, Copenhagen, 2023.)]
 [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)] [(EMEPEEA2019> EMEP/EEA (2019): EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-c-railways/view; Copenhagen, 2019.)]
-[(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer )] +[(RENTZ2008> Rentz et al. (2008): Otto Rentz, O., Karl, U., Haase, M., Koch, M., Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung, 
-[(KNOERR2009> Knörr et al. (2009): Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.)]+Universität Karlsruhe (TH): Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte 01/2008, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer; on behalf of the Umweltbundesamt, Dessau-Roßlau, 2008)] 
 + 
 +[(DZSF2025> DZSF (2025): Deutsches Zentrum für Schienenverkehrsforschung / German Centre for Rail Traffic Research) research project on "Size-specific and spatial distribution of traffic-related abrasion and particulate emissions" (Größenspezifische und räumliche Verteilung von verkehrsbedingten Abrieben und partikulären Emissionen); https://www.dzsf.bund.de/SharedDocs/Standardartikel/DZSF/Projekte/Projekt_44_Abriebe_Emissionen.html, 2025 )]