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general:gridded_data:start [2021/04/22 08:06] – [Emissions of Heavy Metals (HM)] doeringgeneral:gridded_data:start [2021/04/26 14:42] – [Gridded Data] format fix, small gniffke
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 ======Gridded Data====== ======Gridded Data======
- 
  
 Information on the spatial distribution of emissions is important to answer a number of questions in the field of air quality monitoring. Emission data is used to model the dispersion of air pollutants or to visualize the structure of the spatial distribution of emissions. These models show if abatement strategies were successful. For this reason, an ESRI ArcGIS based software has been developed which allows the UBA, independently and on the basis of information generally available, to regularly generate regionalized emission datasets for the complete area of the Federal Republic of Germany. Information on the spatial distribution of emissions is important to answer a number of questions in the field of air quality monitoring. Emission data is used to model the dispersion of air pollutants or to visualize the structure of the spatial distribution of emissions. These models show if abatement strategies were successful. For this reason, an ESRI ArcGIS based software has been developed which allows the UBA, independently and on the basis of information generally available, to regularly generate regionalized emission datasets for the complete area of the Federal Republic of Germany.
  
- +The following pollutants are currently considered: NOₓ, NH₃, SO₂, CO, NMVOC, particles (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀,TSP, BC) and  Heavy Metals (HM), POP (PAH, HCB, PCB, PCDD/PCDF - dioxins/ furans).
-The following pollutants are currently considered: NO<sub>x</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, CO, NMVOC, particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>,TSP, BC) and  Heavy Metals (HM), POP (PAH, HCB, PCB, PCDD/PCDF - dioxins/ furans). +
- +
 =====Methodology ===== =====Methodology =====
   * The Gridding Emission Tool for ArcGIS (GRETA) contains a complete set of the required data per base year. This includes emissions, distribution parameters, geometric datasets as well as the necessary definitions and allocation tables.   * The Gridding Emission Tool for ArcGIS (GRETA) contains a complete set of the required data per base year. This includes emissions, distribution parameters, geometric datasets as well as the necessary definitions and allocation tables.
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 The software and methodology is documented in detail and complies with high standards as to its flexibility and extensibility (see detailed description [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/arcgis-basierte-loesung-zur-detaillierten|Gridding Tool]]). The following description is taken from the summary of the report.((Christiane Schneider, Michael Pelzer, Nicola Toenges-Schuller, Michael Nacken, Arnold Niederau (2016): ArcGIS basierte Lösung zur detaillierten, deutschlandweiten Verteilung (Gridding) nationaler Emissionsjahreswerte auf Basis des Inventars zur Emissionsberichterstattung. UBA Texte 71/2016, p.224)). The software and methodology is documented in detail and complies with high standards as to its flexibility and extensibility (see detailed description [[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/arcgis-basierte-loesung-zur-detaillierten|Gridding Tool]]). The following description is taken from the summary of the report.((Christiane Schneider, Michael Pelzer, Nicola Toenges-Schuller, Michael Nacken, Arnold Niederau (2016): ArcGIS basierte Lösung zur detaillierten, deutschlandweiten Verteilung (Gridding) nationaler Emissionsjahreswerte auf Basis des Inventars zur Emissionsberichterstattung. UBA Texte 71/2016, p.224)).
  
- +<figure MethodOverview> 
-Picture 1: Overview of the method for spatial distribution of national emissions  +<caption>**Overview of the method for spatial distribution of national emissions**</caption> 
-{{ :general:gridded_data:methodology_pict_1.png?nolink&600 |}} +{{ :general:gridded_data:methodology_pict_1.png?nolink&600 | The diagram shows how the national emissions are distributed and gridded}} 
- +</figure>
  
 Significant factors for spatial distribution of national emissions are the so-called distribution parameters. These are characterized in the context of the Gridding Tool as follows: Significant factors for spatial distribution of national emissions are the so-called distribution parameters. These are characterized in the context of the Gridding Tool as follows:
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 The PRTR database of UBA (PRTR = Pollutant Release and Transfer Register; [[https://www.thru.de/en/thrude/|Thru.de]]) represents an important data source for the spatial distribution of national emissions. The emissions contained in this database are on hand as point source emissions and are considered as such for the spatial allocation in the Gridding Tool. Furthermore, it was established in agreement with the UBA that the data of the digital landscapemodels Germany of the Federal Agency of Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) are used as essential data sources. In detail, these are as follows:  The PRTR database of UBA (PRTR = Pollutant Release and Transfer Register; [[https://www.thru.de/en/thrude/|Thru.de]]) represents an important data source for the spatial distribution of national emissions. The emissions contained in this database are on hand as point source emissions and are considered as such for the spatial allocation in the Gridding Tool. Furthermore, it was established in agreement with the UBA that the data of the digital landscapemodels Germany of the Federal Agency of Cartography and Geodesy (BKG) are used as essential data sources. In detail, these are as follows: 
-▸administrative boundaries (district boundaries, municipal boundaries)  
-▸road network 
-▸streaming water network 
-▸rail network 
-▸location of airports 
-▸land-cover differentiated by classes. 
  
 +  * administrative boundaries (district boundaries, municipal boundaries) 
 +  * road network
 +  * streaming water network
 +  * rail network
 +  * location of airports
 +  * land-cover differentiated by classes.
 +   
 As another relevant data source for spatial allocation of emissions that are not assigned by point or line sources, the Corine Land Cover (CLC) data set was stipulated. These data are differentiated in 43 land cover classes. For the usage within the scope of the Gridding Tool these have been merged to 6 CLC groups. Apart from these essential geometric base data sets, further information and data were used for deriving the final distribution parameters. These are, for example, data at district level as to the number ofinhabitants or number of employees per business division. The aim was to use per NFR sector thosedata on the spatial distribution that reflect well the spatial structure of the emission distribution. This also includes typical (effective) vertical heights of sources per NFR sector.  As another relevant data source for spatial allocation of emissions that are not assigned by point or line sources, the Corine Land Cover (CLC) data set was stipulated. These data are differentiated in 43 land cover classes. For the usage within the scope of the Gridding Tool these have been merged to 6 CLC groups. Apart from these essential geometric base data sets, further information and data were used for deriving the final distribution parameters. These are, for example, data at district level as to the number ofinhabitants or number of employees per business division. The aim was to use per NFR sector thosedata on the spatial distribution that reflect well the spatial structure of the emission distribution. This also includes typical (effective) vertical heights of sources per NFR sector. 
  
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-For the Gridding Tool a methodology has been developed considering PRTR emissions in thespatial distribution of national emissions. Here, the PRTR emissions are first subtracted at a national level from the national emissions. The share of emissions,  which is covered by the PRTR emissions, is spatially assigned by the location of PRTR point sources. To avoid negative national residual emis-sions,  this calculation must be made on an aggregated level. For this, the following main groups were defined: +For the Gridding Tool a methodology has been developed considering PRTR emissions in thespatial distribution of national emissions. Here, the PRTR emissions are first subtracted at a national level from the national emissions. The share of emissions,  which is covered by the PRTR emissions, is spatially assigned by the location of PRTR point sources. To avoid negative national residual emissions,  this calculation must be made on an aggregated level. For this, the following main groups were defined: 
   * main group A (energy sector PRTR 1)     * main group A (energy sector PRTR 1)  
   * main group B (industrial sectors,  PRTR sectors 2,3,4,5,6,8,9)    * main group B (industrial sectors,  PRTR sectors 2,3,4,5,6,8,9) 
   * main group C (intensive livestock production and aquaculture, PRTR industry 7).   * main group C (intensive livestock production and aquaculture, PRTR industry 7).
  
-The NFR sectors for which part of the emissions are spatially allocated by means of the PRTR point sources belong to the source groups of energy supply, industry, agriculture and sewage / waste dis-posal. For the hereby affected NFR sectors, the national (residual) emissions are distributed in a first step by suitable distribution parameters on district level. The distribution parameters are predomi-nantly based on statistical data on numbers of employees in the various sectors and departments of industry. Within the districts, the emissions are distributed via land cover class CLC121 (Industrial and Commercial Units) to the level of area sources.Source Group Other Non-industrial Combustion PlantsThe emissions from non-industrial combustion plants (private households, other small consumers, military, agriculture, etc.) are completely spatially distributed over area sources. For this source group,  distribution parameters are mainly based on statistical data at district level. The spatial distri-bution of emissions from small combustion plants of households was carried out via a more complex distribution function since the national emissions are differentiated into the four sub-categories of oil, gas, wood and other solid fuel combustion plants. Then the emissions per energy source are dis-tributed using different distribution parameters to the district respectively community levels. Within the districts (for wood firing within the communities) emissions are again distributed over the rele-vant CLC classes to the level of the area sources.+The NFR sectors for which part of the emissions are spatially allocated by means of the PRTR point sources belong to the source groups of energy supply, industry, agriculture and sewage / waste dis-posal. For the hereby affected NFR sectors, the national (residual) emissions are distributed in a first step by suitable distribution parameters on district level. The distribution parameters are predomi-nantly based on statistical data on numbers of employees in the various sectors and departments of industry. Within the districts, the emissions are distributed via land cover class CLC121 (Industrial and Commercial Units) to the level of area sources.Source Group Other Non-industrial Combustion PlantsThe emissions from non-industrial combustion plants (private households, other small consumers, military, agriculture, etc.) are completely spatially distributed over area sources. For this source group,  distribution parameters are mainly based on statistical data at district level. The spatial distribution of emissions from small combustion plants of households was carried out via a more complex distribution function since the national emissions are differentiated into the four sub-categories of oil, gas, wood and other solid fuel combustion plants. Then the emissions per energy source are dis-tributed using different distribution parameters to the district respectively community levels. Within the districts (for wood firing within the communities) emissions are again distributed over the relevant CLC classes to the level of the area sources.
  
 ====Other Non-industrial Combustion Plants ==== ====Other Non-industrial Combustion Plants ====
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 {{ :general:gridded_data:co_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:co_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
-The main emitters of NMVOC emissions are the industrial process sector and agriculture. The latter is mainly assigned to area and not to point sources.+The main emitters of NMVOC are the industrial process sector and agriculture. The latter is mainly assigned to area and not to point sources.
  
 {{ :general:gridded_data:nmvoc_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:nmvoc_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
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 {{ :general:gridded_data:nh3_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:nh3_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
-==== Particle and fine particle emissions ==== +==== Particle and Fine Particle Emissions ==== 
-Corresponding to the SO<sub>2</sub> emissions, zotal suspended particles (TSP) in general could be reduced by additional built-in filters in power plants as well as in vehicles. +Corresponding to the SO<sub>2</sub> emissions, total suspended particles (TSP) in general could be reduced by additional built-in filters in power plants as well as in vehicles. 
  
  
 {{ :general:gridded_data:tsp_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:tsp_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
-With a decision of the Member States in 2006, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions for the years before 2000 are not mandatory in the reporting. In the 1990s, the sampling and analysis of particulate matter differed widely and a comparability was therefore not given. For this reason, the data was only scaled back to 1995.+With a decision of the Member States in 2006, PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and Black Carbon emissions for the years before 2000 are not mandatory in the reporting. In the 1990s, the sampling and analysis of particulate matter differed widely and a comparability was therefore not given. For this reason, the data was only scaled back to 1995.
 {{ :general:gridded_data:pm10_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:pm10_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
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 ===== Emissions of Heavy Metals (HM)  ===== ===== Emissions of Heavy Metals (HM)  =====
-====Lead-Emissions====+====Lead Emissions====
  
 Lead (Pb)-containing compounds are released in particular during combustion processes of coal and fuels. The main emitter here is the transport sector. Due to the toxic effect of these lead aerosols, leaded regular petrol (additive with lead tetraethyl) was banned in West Germany as early as 1988, the ban on leaded premium petrol followed in 1996. The European Union banned leaded petrol on 1 January 2000. Today, part of the Pb emissions still come from the automobile tyre and brake wear sector. This trend can be easily seen in the maps. The distribution parameter is analogous to road exhaust (NFR1A3bi - 1A3biv), the distribution parameter is vehicle mileage. Lead (Pb)-containing compounds are released in particular during combustion processes of coal and fuels. The main emitter here is the transport sector. Due to the toxic effect of these lead aerosols, leaded regular petrol (additive with lead tetraethyl) was banned in West Germany as early as 1988, the ban on leaded premium petrol followed in 1996. The European Union banned leaded petrol on 1 January 2000. Today, part of the Pb emissions still come from the automobile tyre and brake wear sector. This trend can be easily seen in the maps. The distribution parameter is analogous to road exhaust (NFR1A3bi - 1A3biv), the distribution parameter is vehicle mileage.
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 {{ :general:gridded_data:pb_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:pb_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
-===Cadmium-Emissions===+====Cadmium Emissions==== 
 + 
 +Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals and substances for humans and the environment. The metal occurs in the body as a trace element and is incorporated through food. It is found in tobacco smoke, PVC and plastic and paint pigments. 
 +In the chemical industry, cadmium is a by-product of the extraction of zinc, lead or copper. The most important emission sources in Germany are the sectors of the metal processing industry - iron and steel, and copper production. It is also emitted by petroleum refineries and coal and oil combustion. For the latter, it can be captured via appropriate particle filters and thus reduced. For the dominant emission sources, the distribution is partially covered by PRTR point sources; the rest: by number of employees per district (metal production and processing).
  
 {{ :general:gridded_data:cd_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:cd_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
 +====Mercury Emissions==== 
 +Mercury (Hg) belongs to the group of heavy metals that occur both naturally (e.g. volcanic eruptions) and through industrial processes (e.g. mining, burning coal or heating oil) in the environment. A distinction is made between elemental (metallic) mercury (Hg0), inorganic mercury (iHg) and organic mercury compounds such as methylmercury (MeHg). It is mostly emitted bound to fine particles. It is mainly released during energy production from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, and during metal-producing processes such as iron and steel production.The spatial distribution is made for energy supply via PRTR point sources (the rest: number of other power plants (<25 MW electric) for public supply per district). 
 + 
 {{ :general:gridded_data:hg_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:hg_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
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 ==== Emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POP) ==== ==== Emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POP) ====
-Data on POP emissions have a higher uncertainty compared to air pollutants such as SO2, CO or NOx. Therefore, the following maps should only be considered as estimates.+Data on POP emissions have a higher uncertainty compared to air pollutants such as SO<sub>2</sub>, CO or NO<sub>x</sub>. Therefore, the following maps should only be considered as estimates. It should be noted that the emission amounts are significantly different in magnitude from those of the air pollutants mentioned above.
  
 ====Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons and Benzo(a)pyrene==== ====Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons and Benzo(a)pyrene====
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 {{ :general:gridded_data:pcdd_pcdf_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}} {{ :general:gridded_data:pcdd_pcdf_sub2021.png?nolink&600 |}}
  
-==== HCB ====+==== Hexachlorobenzene Emissions ====
  
-Hexachlorobenzene is a chemical substance that can also be formed as a by-product in the manufacture of chlorine compounds. It can also be released through incomplete combustion processes and leaching from landfills. The maps show the magnitude of HCB emissions in kilograms.+Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a chemical substance that can also be formed as a by-product in the manufacture of chlorine compounds. It can also be released through incomplete combustion processes and leaching from landfills. The maps show the magnitude of HCB emissions in kilograms.
  
-In the maps, the two main emission sources production of secondary aluminum and application of pesticides in agriculture as well as the emission trend are clearly visible. +In the maps, the two main emission sources - production of secondary aluminum and application of pesticides in agriculture - as well as the emission trend are clearly visible. 
 Degassing operations in refining plants of secondary aluminum production can produce HCB. The use of hexachloroethane has been prohibited by law in Germany since 2002, which eliminates the source of HCB. Degassing operations in refining plants of secondary aluminum production can produce HCB. The use of hexachloroethane has been prohibited by law in Germany since 2002, which eliminates the source of HCB.
 The emission distribution is partly covered by reports from the PRTR, the remaining emissions are calculated using number of employees per district in metal production and processing. More information is described under [[sector:ippu:metal_production:aluminum_production:start|2.C.3 - Aluminium Production]]. The emission distribution is partly covered by reports from the PRTR, the remaining emissions are calculated using number of employees per district in metal production and processing. More information is described under [[sector:ippu:metal_production:aluminum_production:start|2.C.3 - Aluminium Production]].