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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2021/12/01 15:18] – [Recalculations] doering | sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2021/12/23 09:49] – [Trend discussion for Key Sources] doering | ||
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- | Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ | + | Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/ |
In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported before 2015. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.: | In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported before 2015. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.: | ||
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Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), | Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), | ||
- | // | + | // |
^ Chemical agent ^ Plant protection product | ^ Chemical agent ^ Plant protection product | ||
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Sources: [[https:// | Sources: [[https:// | ||
- | HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015) ((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): | + | HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): |
In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. | In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. | ||
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As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, | As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, | ||
- | //Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorthalonil, Picloram and Lindane from 1990 until 2020.// | + | //Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorothalonil, Picloram and Lindane from 1990 until 2020.// |
- | ^ ^ | + | ^ ^ |
^ Year ^ in t/a | ^ Year ^ in t/a | ||
| 1990 | | 1990 | ||
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Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. | Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. | ||
- | Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, | + | Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, |
For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, | For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, | ||
- | According to information from the BVL (October | + | According to information from the BVL (October |
For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market. | For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market. | ||
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While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. | While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. | ||
+ | |||
The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, | The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, | ||
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- | The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated up to 1990. HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a), a possible explanation for the increase in HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the re-approval of "Bravo 500" in December 2004 against Septoria in wheat and then for the first time against | + | The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated up to 1990. HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a), a possible explanation for the increase in HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the re-approval of "Bravo 500" in December 2004 against Septoria in wheat and then for the first time against |
It is possible that the first " | It is possible that the first " | ||
- | The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019. A sell-off period until 30 April 2020 applied((cf. BVL; 2021c: https:// | + | The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https:// |
//Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, | //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, | ||
- | {{: | + | |
+ | {{ : | ||
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===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales pf the actives | + | Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active |
+ | |||
+ | //Tables IV a) - c): Recalculation of the activity data: lindane, chlorthalonil and picloram.// | ||
+ | |||
+ | a) | ||
+ | ^ Active Substance | ||
+ | | Lindane_SUB 2022 | ||
+ | | Lindane_SUB 2021 | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | |||
+ | b) | ||
+ | ^ Active Substance | ||
+ | | Chlorthalonil_SUB 2022 | t | ||
+ | | Chlorthalonil_SUB 2021 | t | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | |||
+ | c) | ||
+ | ^ Active Substance | ||
+ | | Picloram_SUB 2022 | t | ||
+ | | Picloram_SUB 2021 | t | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | |||
+ | Due to the changes in the input data and the assumptions on the maximum quantities of HCB, the emissions also change. The following Table V shows the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in kg per year and in percentage. | ||
- | // | + | // |
- | ^ Active Substance | ||
- | | Lindane_SUB 2022 | t | 120,4 | 127,4 | 73,7 | 47,0 | 37,0 | 26,2 | 36,9 | 29,0 | | ||
- | | Lindane_SUB 2021 | t | 119,3 | 126,3 | 73,0 | 46,6 | 36,7 | 26,0 | 36,6 | 28,7 | | ||
- | | Difference | ||
- | | Difference | ||
- | ^ Active Substance | + | ^ |
- | | Chlorthalonil_SUB | + | | HCB_SUB |
- | | Chlorthalonil_SUB | + | | HCB_SUB |
- | | Difference | + | | Difference |
- | | Difference | + | | Difference |
- | ^ | + | ^ |
- | | Picloram_SUB | + | | HCB_SUB |
- | | Picloram_SUB | + | | HCB_SUB |
- | | Difference | + | | Difference |
- | | Difference | + | | Difference |
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | ^ Emissions | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2022 | kg | 24.8 | 26 | 20.7 | 22.6 | 40 | 35.4 | 45.9 | 56.8 | 8.6 | 9.1 | | ||
+ | | HCB_SUB 2021 | kg | 6.3 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 14.4 | 8.8 | 8.8 | | ||
+ | | Difference | ||
+ | | Difference | ||